• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note
Alopecoenas canifrons (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus Gallicolumba.

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	C2a(i)	C2a(i); D1

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2018	Endangered	C2a(i)
2016	Near Threatened	D1
2012	Near Threatened	D1
2008	Near Threatened	D1
2004	Near Threatened
2000	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1994	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	1,700 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	250-999 mature individuals	poor	inferred	2018
Population trend	decreasing	poor	inferred	1998-2008
Generation length	6.6 years	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: The species occurs throughout the Palau archipelago but it is rare on most islands. Surveys in 1977-79 estimated a total population of approximately 500 individuals (Engbring, unpublished data, as cited in Engbring and Pratt 1985) Subsequent surveys have recorded very few individuals (Engbring 1992, VanderWerf 2007, Horii 2018), so they cannot provide reliable population estimates, but indicate that the total population is now likely to be smaller than 500 individuals. The population is therefore placed in the band 250-999 mature individuals.

Trend justification: Whilst the species was previously estimated to have a population of 500 individuals (Engbring, unpublished data, as cited in Engbring and Pratt 1985), there have been very few records during recent surveys (Engbring 1992, VanderWerf 2007, Horii 2018, D. Horii in litt. 2018). Rats and cats are known to be present on some of its range islands (G. McKinlay in litt. 2018) and may prey on adults, chicks and eggs. An analysis of forest cover found that between 2000 and 2012, forest had been lost from the species's range at a rate equivalent to 4.3% across three generations (Tracewski et al. 2016). The species can therefore be inferred to be declining.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Palau	extant	native		yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Palau	Middle Ridge, Babeldaob
Palau	Ngerutechei, Babeldaob
Palau	Peleliu
Palau	Rock Islands
Palau	Western Ridge, Babeldaob

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem conversion
Human intrusions & disturbance	Recreational activities	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Boiga irregularis	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Named species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Residential & commercial development	Housing & urban areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem conversion
Transportation & service corridors	Roads & railroads	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Palau Ground Dove Pampusana canifrons. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/palau-ground-dove-pampusana-canifrons on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.