EN
Okinawa Woodpecker Dendrocopos noguchii



Taxonomy

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history
Red List criteria met
Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable
- D D1+2

Red List history
Year Category Criteria
2024 Endangered D
2016 Critically Endangered C2a(ii)
2012 Critically Endangered C2a(ii)
2009 Critically Endangered C2a(ii)
2008 Critically Endangered
2004 Critically Endangered
2000 Critically Endangered
1996 Critically Endangered
1994 Critically Endangered
1988 Threatened
Species attributes

Migratory status not a migrant Forest dependency high
Land-mass type Average mass -
Range

Estimate Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) 600 km2 medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident) 330 km2
Number of locations 1-5 -
Severely fragmented? no -
Population
Estimate Data quality Derivation Year of estimate
Population size 75-400, 100-300 mature individuals good estimated 2023
Population trend stable poor suspected -
Generation length 4.73 years - - -
Number of subpopulations 1 - - -
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation 100% - - -

Population justification: The population size of this species has not recently been robustly estimated. BirdLife International (2001) estimated a population of 150–584 individuals, but only 75 mature individuals. Since this estimate, the range of this species has expanded more widely across Okinawa in response to active management of invasive mongoose (Yaghihashi et al. 2021) and localised forest regeneration (see Figure 2: Kotaka et al. 2021). In 2013 and 2016 respectively, this species was detected at 104 and 100 of 244 observation points, an increase on the 67 counted in 2007; the total number of birds observed across surveyed squares in 2010, 2013 and 2016 varied between 149–183 (Yagihashi et al. 2021). Two opposing considerations should be made when converting this into a population estimate of mature individuals: (1) not every bird will have been detected, despite the use of playback, thus these numbers should be considered absolute minimum values; but (2) not all birds will have been mature individuals. Accounting for these margins of error, these data suggest a total population of 75–200 mature individuals.

An alternative method of estimation is derived using nesting data from Kotaka et al. (2021), who found between 2017 and 2019 between 1–1.5 nests [= 2 mature individuals] per km2, albeit their sample size in each year was very small and not necessarily representative. In its occupied range there is approximately 200 km2 of suitable habitat (i.e. closed-canopy forest) not all of which, however, is likely to be occupied. Nonetheless, occupancy is likely high (Yagihashi et al. 2021, eBird 2024) and these data suggest a slightly higher population size of up to c.400 mature individuals.

Combining methods, a population size of 75–400 mature individuals is estimated, with a precautionary best estimate of 100–300.

Trend justification: Trend not well understood, but currently suspected to be stable following concerted conservation effort to create a mongoose-free area on Okinawa, and also protect a large area of this species' range as a national park.

Dendrocopos noguchii was already rare by 1928, with Kobayashi (1930) already commenting then that the species was in danger of extinction. It has remained rare, with the principal cause of its depleted population the widespread clearance of habitat throughout the 20th century (BirdLife International 2001) but there is increasing evidence that the species is negatively associated with the presence of the invasive Small Indian Mongoose Urva auropunctata (see Kotaka 2014), introduced to Okinawa in 1910 (Kishida 1931). Accordingly it has more recently undoubtedly benefited from concerted conservation effort to create a 'mongoose-free' area on the north of the island (Yagihashi et al. 2021, N. Kotaka in litt. 2024).

Repeat-effort playback surveys 2007-2016 recorded the following number (# of occupied squares out of 244, # of birds): 2007 (67, 120), 2010 (96, 165), 2013 (104, 183), 2016 (100, 149) (Yagihashi et al. 2021). Thus the number of occupied squares and counted individuals increased markedly between 2007 and 2010, after which it remained somewhat stable. The apparent increase in abundance in 2013 was also clearly detected by Kotaka et al. (2021), who found a sharp increase in the density of active nests in that year during monitoring 2005-2019. They attributed this to a temporary increase in nest availability caused by an outbreak of the pest beetle Plagiosterna formosana which first arrived on the island in 2010 (Kotaka 2014; see Figures 5 and 6c: Kotaka et al. 2021) and created a large number of temporary nest sites on dead trees.
While the declines in abundance (but note not occupied squares) between 2013 and 2016, and declines in nest density between 2015 and 2019, could be interpreted as reflecting a continuing population decline, Kotaka et al. (2021) considered them to be a temporary effect and not indicative of ongoing changes; the population trend is considered likely to be stable (N. Kotaka in litt. 2024).

In the future, the population trend of this species will recover further if the area of suitable habitat can be expanded, and mongoose control measures remain implemented. However, if mongoose control measures cease or fail, this species may decline (rapidly) again in the near-future (N. Kotaka in litt. 2024), and its extinction risk will appropriately increase. This should be very closely monitored.


Country/territory distribution
Country/Territory Presence Origin Resident Breeding visitor Non-breeding visitor Passage migrant
Japan extant native yes

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)
Country/Territory IBA Name
Japan Yambaru, northern Okinawa forest

Habitats & altitude
Habitat (level 1) Habitat (level 2) Importance Occurrence
Forest Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland suitable resident
Forest Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane major resident
Altitude 0 - 500 m Occasional altitudinal limits  

Threats & impact
Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming Timing Scope Severity Impact
Past, Unlikely to Return Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Past Impact
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] Timing Scope Severity Impact
Past, Unlikely to Return Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Past Impact
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Climate change & severe weather Storms & flooding Timing Scope Severity Impact
Future Whole (>90%) Unknown Unknown
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Urva auropunctata Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) No decline Low Impact: 4
Stresses
Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Residential & commercial development Tourism & recreation areas Timing Scope Severity Impact
Past, Unlikely to Return Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Past Impact
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Transportation & service corridors Roads & railroads Timing Scope Severity Impact
Past, Unlikely to Return Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Past Impact
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Okinawa Woodpecker Dendrocopos noguchii. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/okinawa-woodpecker-dendrocopos-noguchii on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.