• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	D1

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2024	Vulnerable	D1
2016	Near Threatened	D1+2
2012	Near Threatened	D1+2
2008	Near Threatened	D1; D2
2004	Near Threatened
2000	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type		Average mass	16 g

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	40 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	40 km2
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	700-1000 mature individuals	medium	estimated	2009
Population trend	decreasing	-	suspected	-
Generation length	2.76 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	100%	-	-	-

Population justification: The species is described as reasonably common across the island (Brewer 2020, see also eBird 2023). An informal census along roads counted 90 individuals in 2003 (T. Marks in litt. 2003), and preliminary censuses along the trail to Mirante dos Golfinhos e Baia do Sancho in 2003 counted 84 birds (F. Olmos in litt. 2005). Point counts along almost the entire the trail system in 2009 found 304 individuals (Mestre et al. 2016). Based on these surveys it is assumed that the total population numbers at least 1,000 individuals (Mestre et al. 2016, ICMBio 2018, L. Mestre in litt. 2020). Consequently, because not all those counted will have likely been breeding adults, a very preliminary estimate is of 700-c.1,000 mature individuals is used here.

Trend justification: The population trend has not been quantified, as differences in survey methodologies in 2003 and 2009 complicate detecting changes in abundance (Mestre et al. 2016). It is hypothesised that the species used to be more widespread prior to anthropogenic changes in habitat (Olson 1994, Mestre et al. 2016). However, as all large trees on the island were cut with human colonisation several centuries ago, the species seems to show considerable resilience to habitat conversion (Olson 1994). While there are indications that the population has declined in the past this reduction appears to be largely historical. The presence of exotic species such as lizards, cats and rats, in addition to invasive exotic flora, are considered the biggest problems for this species (C. Licarião in litt. 2024, R. Subirá in litt. 2024). Cats and rats were introduced to the island in the 19th century, though likely even much earlier (Russell et al. 2018). Of 18 nests monitored from February to May in 2023, 34.4% of eggs and 36.3% of nestlings were predated (C. Licarião in litt. 2024). This species' continued presence on the island however suggests that predation is unlikely to be driving particularly rapid declines. Precautionarily therefore, a slow decline is suspected.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Brazil	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Brazil	Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	major	resident
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 110 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Named species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Salvator merianae	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Unspecified species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Residential & commercial development	Tourism & recreation areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Noronha Vireo Vireo gracilirostris. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/noronha-vireo-vireo-gracilirostris on 22/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/11/2024.