Data Zone
Taxonomic note
Loxops coccineus, L. ochraceus and L. wolstenholmei (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) were previously lumped as L. coccineus following AOU (1998 & supplements); Sibley & Monroe (1990, 1993).
Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| D | D | D1 |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2024 | Extinct | |
| 2018 | Critically Endangered | D |
| 2016 | Critically Endangered | D |
| 2012 | Not Recognised | |
| 2008 | Not Recognised | |
| 2004 | Not Recognised | |
| 2000 | Not Recognised | |
| 1994 | Not Recognised | |
| 1988 | Not Recognised |
| Migratory status | not a migrant | Forest dependency | high |
| Land-mass type | Average mass | 10 g |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Severely fragmented? | no | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population size | 0 mature individuals | good | estimated | 2023 |
| Population trend | medium | - | - | |
| Generation length | 2.68 years | - | - | - |
Population justification: Following methods developed in a series of papers published in 2017 (Akcakaya et al. 2017, Keith et al. 2017, Thompson et al. 2017), the probability that this species is extinct based on records and surveys is 0.93, and the probability it is extinct based on threats is 0.94. It is accordingly considered Extinct and the population size is set to 0 mature individuals. The last confirmed record of Loxops ochraceus was of two birds seen in 1988 (Engilis 1990) with later unconfirmed records of birds sound recorded in 1994 and 1995 (Reynolds and Snetsinger 2001). Visual confirmation of records is required due to potential confusion with, or mimicry by, Pseudonestor xanthophrys (Reynolds and Snetsinger 2001). L. ochraceus were described as locally abundant in 1894 (Perkins 1903) and a flock of more than 100 in 1961 led Bole (1961) to conclude they were not rare on Maui.
In addition to the extinction probability analysis used here, the USFWS (2023) has now delisted L. ochraceus from the Federal Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants due to presumed extinction.
Trend justification: This species is considered extinct. The last confirmed record of Loxops ochraceus was of two birds seen in 1988 (Engilis 1990) with later unconfirmed records of birds sound recorded in 1994 and 1995 (Reynolds and Snetsinger 2001).
| Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | extinct | native | yes |
| Country/Territory | IBA Name |
|---|
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane | major | resident |
| Altitude | 1100 - 2100 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Rapid Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
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| Agriculture & aquaculture | Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Rapid Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Axis axis | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Bos taurus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Canis familiaris | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Capra hircus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Plasmodium relictum | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus exulans | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus norvegicus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus rattus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Sus scrofa | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Unspecified species | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Urva auropunctata | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Viral/prion-induced diseases - Avipoxvirus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Residential & commercial development | Housing & urban areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Maui Akepa Loxops ochraceus. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/maui-akepa-loxops-ochraceus on 22/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/12/2024.