• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2022	Least Concern
2016	Vulnerable	D1+2
2012	Vulnerable	D1+2
2008	Vulnerable	D1; D2
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	50 g

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	84 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	84 km2
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	2100-3500, 2700 mature individuals	good	estimated	2020
Population trend	stable	poor	suspected	-
Generation length	3.2 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	100%	-	-	-

Population justification: Using distance sampling, Baker et al. (1996) estimated a population of 393-764 individuals of T. ruficollaris, believed to represent a depleted population due to habitat loss and degradation. In 2018-2019, using a similar method, Thacker et al. (2022) estimated 3,191-5,283 individuals (equivalent to c.2,100-3,500 mature individuals), with densities (0.12-1.65 birds/ha) similar to those of other Pacific Todiramphus. Although the population density and area of suitable habitat between the two periods appear to have genuinely increased, Baker et al. (1996) are considered likely to have underestimated the number of T. ruficollaris in secondary habitats due to their exclusion of agricultural habitat in their calculation, despite Thacker et al. (2022) finding T. ruficollaris at a relatively high density in this habitat. Similarly, Baker et al. (1996) did not survey either the central plantation forest or village areas for T. ruficollaris (see also Rowe and Empson 1996), whereas Thacker et al. (2022) found the species present in both areas, with densities in plantation forest very similar to those of primary forest. Consequently, the number of mature individuals is considered best represented by the estimation made by Thacker et al. (2022), and is placed here between 2,100 and 3,500, with a best estimate of 2,700.

Trend justification: The species is believed to be currently stable or increasing (Thacker et al. 2022). It formerly declined, principally owing to the widespread cultivation of pineapples. Following the collapse of the industry in the 1980s, the pineapple plantations on the volcanic hills were replaced by plantation forest. In contrast, the land used for the cultivation of pineapples in the lowlands was left to regenerate into secondary forest. These left the extent of primary and Barringtonia forests to increase slightly (from 11.2 km² to 13.1 km², and 1.94 km² to 3.0 km² respectively) between 1996 and 2019, and the area of secondary forest more substantially, from 4.0 km² to 12.9 km² (see Thacker et al. [2022] for discussion on why the 1996 values, from Baker et al. [1996], may not be directly comparable). These have led to a population recovery from 390-760 individuals in 1996 (Baker et al. [1996], although this is likely to have been a potentially substantial underestimate) to 3,200-5,300 in 2018-19 (Thacker et al. 2022). The island is currently suspected to be at carrying capacity for the habitat available, although further restoration of forest may increase the population further (however there may be balance shifts in this with, for example, primary forests hosting lower densities than secondary forest).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Cook Islands	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Cook Islands	Mangaia

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	marginal	resident
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	major	resident
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	marginal	resident
Artificial/Terrestrial	Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 1300 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Human intrusions & disturbance	Work & other activities	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species disturbance
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Acridotheres tristis	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		No decline		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Competition
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Capra hircus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		No decline		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Negligible declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus exulans	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Negligible declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus rattus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Negligible declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Sus domesticus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		No decline		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Urodynamis taitensis	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Mangaia Kingfisher Todiramphus ruficollaris. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mangaia-kingfisher-todiramphus-ruficollaris on 23/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/11/2024.