Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | - | - |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2022 | Least Concern | |
2016 | Vulnerable | D1+2 |
2012 | Vulnerable | D1+2 |
2008 | Vulnerable | D1; D2 |
2004 | Vulnerable | |
2000 | Vulnerable | |
1996 | Vulnerable | |
1994 | Vulnerable | |
1988 | Threatened |
Migratory status | not a migrant | Forest dependency | high |
Land-mass type | Average mass | 50 g |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 84 km2 | medium |
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident) | 84 km2 | |
Severely fragmented? | no | - |
Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Population size | 2100-3500, 2700 mature individuals | good | estimated | 2020 |
Population trend | stable | poor | suspected | - |
Generation length | 3.2 years | - | - | - |
Number of subpopulations | 1 | - | - | - |
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation | 100% | - | - | - |
Population justification: Using distance sampling, Baker et al. (1996) estimated a population of 393-764 individuals of T. ruficollaris, believed to represent a depleted population due to habitat loss and degradation. In 2018-2019, using a similar method, Thacker et al. (2022) estimated 3,191-5,283 individuals (equivalent to c.2,100-3,500 mature individuals), with densities (0.12-1.65 birds/ha) similar to those of other Pacific Todiramphus. Although the population density and area of suitable habitat between the two periods appear to have genuinely increased, Baker et al. (1996) are considered likely to have underestimated the number of T. ruficollaris in secondary habitats due to their exclusion of agricultural habitat in their calculation, despite Thacker et al. (2022) finding T. ruficollaris at a relatively high density in this habitat. Similarly, Baker et al. (1996) did not survey either the central plantation forest or village areas for T. ruficollaris (see also Rowe and Empson 1996), whereas Thacker et al. (2022) found the species present in both areas, with densities in plantation forest very similar to those of primary forest. Consequently, the number of mature individuals is considered best represented by the estimation made by Thacker et al. (2022), and is placed here between 2,100 and 3,500, with a best estimate of 2,700.
Trend justification: The species is believed to be currently stable or increasing (Thacker et al. 2022). It formerly declined, principally owing to the widespread cultivation of pineapples. Following the collapse of the industry in the 1980s, the pineapple plantations on the volcanic hills were replaced by plantation forest. In contrast, the land used for the cultivation of pineapples in the lowlands was left to regenerate into secondary forest. These left the extent of primary and Barringtonia forests to increase slightly (from 11.2 km2 to 13.1 km2, and 1.94 km2 to 3.0 km2 respectively) between 1996 and 2019, and the area of secondary forest more substantially, from 4.0 km2 to 12.9 km2 (see Thacker et al. [2022] for discussion on why the 1996 values, from Baker et al. [1996], may not be directly comparable). These have led to a population recovery from 390-760 individuals in 1996 (Baker et al. [1996], although this is likely to have been a potentially substantial underestimate) to 3,200-5,300 in 2018-19 (Thacker et al. 2022). The island is currently suspected to be at carrying capacity for the habitat available, although further restoration of forest may increase the population further (however there may be balance shifts in this with, for example, primary forests hosting lower densities than secondary forest).
Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cook Islands | extant | native | yes |
Country/Territory | IBA Name |
---|---|
Cook Islands | Mangaia |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | marginal | resident |
Artificial/Terrestrial | Plantations | major | resident |
Artificial/Terrestrial | Rural Gardens | marginal | resident |
Artificial/Terrestrial | Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest | suitable | resident |
Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland | major | resident |
Altitude | 0 - 1300 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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Human intrusions & disturbance | Work & other activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Acridotheres tristis | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | No decline | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Capra hircus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | No decline | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Negligible declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus exulans | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Negligible declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus rattus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Negligible declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Sus domesticus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | No decline | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Urodynamis taitensis | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Mangaia Kingfisher Todiramphus ruficollaris. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mangaia-kingfisher-todiramphus-ruficollaris on 24/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 24/12/2024.