Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2018 | Least Concern | |
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Near Threatened | |
| 1988 | Near Threatened |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | medium |
| Land-mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 5,710,000 km2 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) | 7,750,000 km2 | medium |
| Severely fragmented? | no | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population size | unknown | poor | estimated | 2009 |
| Population trend | decreasing | - | suspected | - |
| Generation length | 7.4 years | - | - | - |
Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c. 65,000-66,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2006), while national population estimates include: c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and <c.50 wintering individuals in China; <c.100 breeding pairs and <c.50 wintering individuals in Taiwan; c.100-10,000 breeding pairs in Korea and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 wintering individuals in Japan (Brazil 2009).
Trend justification: The overall trend is decreasing, although some populations may be stable (Wetlands International 2006).
| Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | extant | introduced | yes | |||
| Belarus | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Belgium | extant | introduced | yes | |||
| China (mainland) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Denmark | extant | introduced | ||||
| France | extant | introduced | ||||
| Germany | extant | introduced | ||||
| Hong Kong (China) | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| India | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Japan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Mongolia | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Myanmar | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Nepal | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Netherlands | extant | introduced | yes | |||
| North Korea | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia (Asian) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Slovenia | extant | introduced | ||||
| South Korea | extant | native | yes | |||
| Spain | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Switzerland | extant | introduced | ||||
| Taiwan, China | extant | native | yes | |||
| Thailand | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| United Kingdom | extant | introduced | yes | |||
| Vietnam | extant | vagrant | yes |
| Country/Territory | IBA Name |
|---|---|
| China (mainland) | Baihe-Wanbao |
| China (mainland) | Wuyuan Datangwu Reservoir |
| Japan | Futatsuno reservoir |
| Japan | Kanogawa reservoir |
| Japan | Mounts Asahidake and Gassan |
| Japan | Mounts Kurikoma and Yakiishi |
| Japan | Mounts Nogo-hakusan and Ibuki |
| North Korea | Lake Bujon |
| North Korea | Mount Chilbo |
| North Korea | Mount Kuwol |
| North Korea | Mount Myohyang |
| Russia (Asian) | Arkhara lowlands |
| Russia (Asian) | Bolon' lake |
| Russia (Asian) | Kievka and Chernaya river basins |
| Russia (Asian) | Middle reaches of the Bikin river |
| Russia (Asian) | Middle reaches of the Iman river |
| Russia (Asian) | Udyl' lake |
| South Korea | Bukchon |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forest | Temperate | major | non-breeding |
| Forest | Temperate | major | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | major | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | major | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | breeding |
| Altitude | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Purpose | Scale |
|---|---|
| Food - human | subsistence, national |
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | subsistence, national |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Mandarin Duck Aix galericulata. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mandarin-duck-aix-galericulata on 23/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/11/2024.