• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note
Found to present notably lesser degree of internal genetic variation than congeners (Ramstad et al. 2010). Possible subspecies iredalei (North I) extinct since late 19th century. Monotypic.

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2022	Near Threatened	D2
2016	Near Threatened	B1ab(iii,v); D1+2
2012	Near Threatened	B1ab(iii,v);D1+2
2008	Near Threatened	B1a+b(iii,v); D1; D2
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	296,000 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	340 km2	good
Number of locations	11	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	1500 mature individuals	good	estimated	2018
Population trend	increasing	good	estimated	-
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	129%	-	-	-
Generation length	11.7 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	11	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: The population was estimated to number 1,900 individuals in total in 2018 (Germano et al. 2018), roughly equivalent to 1,500 mature individuals. Kapiti is the stronghold for the species, where approximately 70% of the population occurs (Robertson 2013).

Trend justification: Overall the species is estimated to be increasing and this trend is predicted to continue (Robertson et al. 2021). The total number of individuals increased from 1,500 in 2008 to 1,900 in 2018, and is projected to reach 2,750 by 2030 with existing levels of management (Germano et al. 2018). On Kapiti the species is considered to be at carrying capacity and annual survivorship has been estimated at 97.5% (Robertson and Colbourne 2004). This population is being used to increase populations on other islands or to establish new populations (Holzapfel et al. 2008).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
New Zealand	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
New Zealand	Long Island
New Zealand	Taranga Hen Island

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Temperate	major	resident
Grassland	Temperate	suitable	resident
Shrubland	Temperate	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 1000 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Unknown		Rapid Declines		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Gallirallus australis	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		No decline		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Mustela erminea	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Unknown		Rapid Declines		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus exulans	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Unknown		Rapid Declines		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus norvegicus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Unknown		Rapid Declines		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Little Spotted Kiwi Apteryx owenii. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/little-spotted-kiwi-apteryx-owenii on 27/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 27/12/2024.