• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note
Amazona autumnalis, A. diadema and A. lilacina (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as A. autumnalis following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
A4abcd	A4abcd; C1	A4abcd; C1

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2020	Critically Endangered	A4abcd
2018	Endangered	C2a(i)
2016	Endangered	C2a(i)
2014	Endangered	C2a(i)
2012	Not Recognised
2008	Not Recognised
2004	Not Recognised
2000	Not Recognised
1994	Not Recognised
1988	Not Recognised

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type		Average mass	416 g

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	28,200 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	1000-2499 mature individuals	good	estimated	2020
Population trend	decreasing	-	estimated	2000-2046
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	80-99%	-	-	-
Generation length	15.4 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	3	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: The roost near Bahia de Caraquez contains roughly 60-116 individuals, equating to 40-80 mature individuals (Biddle et al. 2020). Counts for the roost in Santa Elena fluctuate, with high counts of 2,340 and 2,578 individuals in 2019 and 2020 (H. M. Schaefer in litt. 2020). This roughly equates to up to 1,500-1,700 mature individuals. El Salado Mangrove Reserve holds 32-57 individuals, equating to 20-40 mature individuals. Manglares Churute Ecological Reserve contains 628-729 individuals, equating to 400-490 mature individuals (Biddle et al. 2020). Individuals from Santa Elena, El Salado Mangrove Reserve and Manglares Churute Ecological Reserve are thought to form one subpopulation with around 1,920-2,230 mature individuals, which is disconnected from the subpopulation near Bahia de Caraquez (Biddle et al. 2020). Furthermore, a third very small subpopulation has been identified in El Oro province (Biddle et al. 2020, H. M. Schaefer in litt. 2020). To account for uncertainties due to fluctuating roost attendance, the population size is placed in the band 1,000-2,499 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The species is undergoing a decline due to high hunting pressure and the loss of suitable habitat within its range. Population declines of 60% between 2000 and 2019 were observed for the roost in El Salado Mangrove Reserve (Biddle et al. 2020). Assuming that declines are exponential, this equates to a rate of 89% decline over three generations (46.2 years). Moreover, observations of the roost in Santa Elena province suggest a decline of 59% between 2014 and 2019 (G. Blanco, F. Hiraldo and J. L. Tella per Biddle et al. 2020), which equates to a decline of c. 99% over three generations. The roosts in El Oro province and near Bahia de Caraquez similarly declined at a rate of up to 99% over three generations (H. M. Schaefer in litt. 2020, see also eBird 2020). There is no information on the rate of population change for the roost in Manglares Churute Ecological Reserve. However, it is assumed that this population is undergoing similar trends; poaching pressure seems to be similarly high throughout the range, leading to rapid declines even in the population occurring in the protected El Salado Mangrove Reserve. Assuming that all known roosts are experiencing declines of similar rates (89-99% over three generations), overall the global population would be declining at c. 96-98% over three generations. Even assuming that the roost in Manglares Churute was stable, overall rates of decline would still exceed 80% over three generations. Despite the fact that fluctuations in roost attendance may complicate a quantification of the population trend, observed population declines are consistent across the range (H. M. Schaefer in litt. 2020).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Ecuador	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	suitable	resident
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	suitable	resident
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Marine & freshwater aquaculture - Industrial aquaculture	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Residential & commercial development	Housing & urban areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Transportation & service corridors	Roads & railroads	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Lilacine Amazon Amazona lilacina. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/lilacine-amazon-amazona-lilacina on 12/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 12/12/2024.