• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note

Symposiachrus julianae (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) was previously listed as Monarcha julianae.

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2022	Near Threatened	B1b(iii)+2b(iii)
2016	Vulnerable	C2a(ii)
2012	Vulnerable	C2a(ii)
2010	Vulnerable	C2a(ii)
2008	Data Deficient
2004	Data Deficient
2000	Data Deficient
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	240 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	240 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	-	-	-
Population trend	decreasing	poor	suspected	-
Generation length	3.4 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	100%	-	-	-

Population justification: The population size of this species is unknown. It was formerly estimated to number 2,500-10,000 mature individuals, however this was largely speculation and not born from species-specific data. The island is 144 km² in size with approximately 123 km² of forest left in 2020 (Global Forest Watch [2021], using data from Hansen et al. [2013] and methods disclosed therein). Although densities of this species are lacking, it has been described as abundant and among the commonest nine bird species on the island (Diamond et al. 2009). Symposiachrus loricatus occurs at densities of 127-213 birds/km² (Marsden et al. 1997, Poulsen 1998) on Buru while other small-island monarchs (not Symposiarchus) occur at densities of 16-540 birds/km² (Engbring et al. 1986, Poulsen 1998). Given these tremendous uncertainties (which at 100% occupancy of Kofiau would be equivalent to 2,000-66,000 birds ([or 1,320-43,500 mature individuals]) the population is best treated as unknown until additional data become available. However, the qualitative descriptions of its abundance suggest that the population probably exceeds 10,000 mature individuals.

Trend justification: Beehler and Pratt (2016) considered the population trend of this species as unknown. Although the species persists in traditional gardens, it is apparently most common in closed-canopy primary and secondary forest. Tree cover loss in the species' range has been minimal (equivalent to c.2% over the past three generations [Global Forest Watch 2021, using Hansen et al. [2013] data and methods disclosed therein]); however, there are additional reports of selective logging (see Diamond et al. 2009, Beehler and Pratt 2016) indicating degradation that is precautionarily thought to be causing a slow decline in mature individuals. The rate of this decline however remains unquantified.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Indonesia	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 240 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Shifting agriculture	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Kofiau Monarch Symposiachrus julianae. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/kofiau-monarch-symposiachrus-julianae on 18/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 18/12/2024.