Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2024 | Near Threatened | A2bc+4bc |
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | does not normally occur in forest |
| Land-mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 40,000,000 km2 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) | 26,500,000 km2 | medium |
| Severely fragmented? | no | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population size | 2300000 mature individuals | poor | estimated | 2023 |
| Population trend | decreasing | - | estimated | 2012-2025 |
| Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 14-27,22% | - | - | - |
| Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 14-27,22% | - | - | - |
| Generation length | 4.24 years | - | - | - |
| Number of subpopulations | 3 | - | - | - |
| Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation | 100% | - | - | - |
Population justification: This species is widespread and very commonly observed. The global population is estimated to number 2,300,000 mature individuals (Partners in Flight 2023).
Trend justification:
A reduction of 22.0% (-26.9 to -18.0%) within three generations was estimated in the Avian Conservation Assessment Database December 2023 update (Partners in Flight 2023) based on modelled Breeding Bird Survey data. This species is abundant and commonly observed and this trend is considered well-supported. The above rate of decline is supported by an analysis of eBird trend data which estimated a three-generation reduction of 18.3% (-22.8 to -14.3%) (Fink et al. 2023).
Data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey and Christmas Bird Count indicate declines of c.19% and c.13% respectively in the three-generation period 2008-2021, with no indication the rate is slowing (Meehan et al. 2022, Ziolkowski Jr. et al. 2022). The Central American Waterbird Census found a moderate decrease (-16%) over the period 2012–2020 during the winter period in southern Mexico and Central America (van Dort et al. 2023). Although low, numbers wintering at Tomales Bay in California are declining and are thought to reflect population decreases elsewhere in the west (Warnock et al. 2021).
A recent analysis of migration count data at stopover locations throughout North America (Smith et al. 2023) also indicates declines, though only covers part of the population. A reduction of 37.0% was estimated over three generations, albeit within a wide confidence band of -63.8% to -1.1%.
Overall, based on data sources that cover most of the species’ range, a reduction exceeding 20% in three generations is estimated. Uncertainty over the future rate of decline means that a value for the future three generations is not determined.
| Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anguilla (to UK) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Antigua and Barbuda | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Aruba (to Netherlands) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Bahamas | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Barbados | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Belize | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Bermuda (to UK) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (to Netherlands) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Brazil | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Canada | extant | native | yes | yes | yes | |
| Cayman Islands (to UK) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Chile | extant | native | yes | |||
| Colombia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Costa Rica | extant | native | yes | yes | yes | |
| Cuba | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Curaçao (to Netherlands) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Dominica | extant | native | yes | |||
| Dominican Republic | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Ecuador | extant | native | yes | yes | yes | |
| El Salvador | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Faroe Islands (to Denmark) | extant | vagrant | ||||
| France | extant | vagrant | ||||
| French Guiana | extant | native | ||||
| Greenland (to Denmark) | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Grenada | extant | native | yes | |||
| Guadeloupe (to France) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Guatemala | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Guyana | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Haiti | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Honduras | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Hungary | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Iceland | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Ireland | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Jamaica | extant | native | yes | yes | yes | |
| Martinique (to France) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Mexico | extant | native | yes | yes | yes | |
| Montserrat (to UK) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Nicaragua | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Norway | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Panama | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Peru | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Portugal | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Sint Maarten (to Netherlands) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Spain | extant | vagrant | ||||
| St Barthelemy (to France) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| St Kitts and Nevis | extant | native | yes | |||
| St Lucia | extant | native | yes | |||
| St Martin (to France) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| St Vincent and the Grenadines | extant | native | yes | |||
| Sweden | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Switzerland | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | extant | native | yes | |||
| Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| United Kingdom | extant | vagrant | ||||
| USA | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Venezuela | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Virgin Islands (to UK) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Virgin Islands (to USA) | extant | native | yes | yes |
| Country/Territory | IBA Name |
|---|
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | resident |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Pastureland | suitable | resident |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Urban Areas | suitable | resident |
| Marine Intertidal | Rocky Shoreline | suitable | resident |
| Marine Intertidal | Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses) | suitable | resident |
| Marine Intertidal | Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc | suitable | resident |
| Marine Intertidal | Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches | suitable | resident |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | major | resident |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | resident |
| Altitude | 0 - 2500 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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| Human intrusions & disturbance | Recreational activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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| Pollution | Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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| Residential & commercial development | Commercial & industrial areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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| Residential & commercial development | Housing & urban areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Purpose | Scale |
|---|---|
| Food - human | subsistence, national |
| Sport hunting/specimen collecting | subsistence, national |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Killdeer Charadrius vociferus. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/killdeer-charadrius-vociferus on 12/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 12/12/2024.