NT
Kai Kecil White-eye Zosterops uropygialis



Taxonomy

Taxonomic note
Sometimes treated as conspecific with Z. grayi; both sometimes considered closely related to Z. chloris and Z. citrinella. Monotypic.

Taxonomic source(s)
Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International. 2023. Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 8. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v8_Dec23.zip.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history
Red List criteria met
Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable
- - -

Red List history
Year Category Criteria
2024 Near Threatened B1b(iii)+2b(iii)
2016 Near Threatened B1ab(iii)
2013 Near Threatened B1ab(iii)
2012 Near Threatened B1ab(iii)
2008 Near Threatened B1a+b(iii)
2004 Near Threatened
2000 Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1994 Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1988 Threatened
Species attributes

Migratory status not a migrant Forest dependency medium
Land-mass type Average mass -
Range

Estimate Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) 856 km2 medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident) 776 km2
Severely fragmented? no -
Population
Estimate Data quality Derivation Year of estimate
Population size unknown - - -
Population trend decreasing - suspected 2016-2026
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) 1-9% - - -
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) 1-9% - - -
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) 1-9% - - -
Generation length 2.77 years - - -
Number of subpopulations 1 - - -
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation 100% - - -

Population justification: The population size of this species has not been quantified, but it is described as uncommon in all wooded habitats, including cleared land with scattered trees (Eaton et al. 2021), and appears to be among the most commonly observed species on Kai Besar (eBird 2022). Nonetheless, given the area it occupies is just c.400 km2 in size (and much of this has now been cleared of suitable habitat), its population size may be moderately small.

Trend justification: In the ten years to 2022, forest loss on Kai Kecil was 4-5% (Global Forest Watch 2022, based on data from Hansen et al. [2013] and methods disclosed therein). Although this species is somewhat tolerant of open woodland (Eaton et al. 2021), much of the habitat loss of Kai Kecil has amounted to total destruction (Google Earth 2022) and this is thought to have caused loss of feeding and breeding habitat that may be having broadly equivalent (set here in the band 1-9%) impacts on population size.


Country/territory distribution
Country/Territory Presence Origin Resident Breeding visitor Non-breeding visitor Passage migrant
Indonesia extant native yes

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)
Country/Territory IBA Name
Indonesia Pegunungan Daab - Boo

Habitats & altitude
Habitat (level 1) Habitat (level 2) Importance Occurrence
Forest Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland major resident
Altitude 0 - 90 m Occasional altitudinal limits  

Threats & impact
Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Residential & commercial development Housing & urban areas Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem conversion

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Kai Kecil White-eye Zosterops uropygialis. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/kai-kecil-white-eye-zosterops-uropygialis on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.