• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note
Sometimes treated as conspecific with Z. grayi; both sometimes considered closely related to Z. chloris and Z. citrinella. Monotypic.

Taxonomic source(s)
Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International. 2023. Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 8. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v8_Dec23.zip.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2024	Near Threatened	B1b(iii)+2b(iii)
2016	Near Threatened	B1ab(iii)
2013	Near Threatened	B1ab(iii)
2012	Near Threatened	B1ab(iii)
2008	Near Threatened	B1a+b(iii)
2004	Near Threatened
2000	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1994	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	856 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	776 km2
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	-	-	-
Population trend	decreasing	-	suspected	2016-2026
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-9%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-9%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-9%	-	-	-
Generation length	2.77 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	100%	-	-	-

Population justification: The population size of this species has not been quantified, but it is described as uncommon in all wooded habitats, including cleared land with scattered trees (Eaton et al. 2021), and appears to be among the most commonly observed species on Kai Besar (eBird 2022). Nonetheless, given the area it occupies is just c.400 km² in size (and much of this has now been cleared of suitable habitat), its population size may be moderately small.

Trend justification: In the ten years to 2022, forest loss on Kai Kecil was 4-5% (Global Forest Watch 2022, based on data from Hansen et al. [2013] and methods disclosed therein). Although this species is somewhat tolerant of open woodland (Eaton et al. 2021), much of the habitat loss of Kai Kecil has amounted to total destruction (Google Earth 2022) and this is thought to have caused loss of feeding and breeding habitat that may be having broadly equivalent (set here in the band 1-9%) impacts on population size.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Indonesia	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Indonesia	Pegunungan Daab - Boo

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 90 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Residential & commercial development	Housing & urban areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem conversion

---

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Kai Kecil White-eye Zosterops uropygialis. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/kai-kecil-white-eye-zosterops-uropygialis on 22/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/11/2024.