Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2018 | Near Threatened | A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd |
| 2016 | Near Threatened | A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd |
| 2012 | Near Threatened | A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd |
| 2010 | Near Threatened | A2b,c,d; A3b,c,d; A4b,c,d |
| 2008 | Near Threatened | A2b,c,d; A3b,c,d; A4b,c,d |
| 2006 | Near Threatened | |
| 2005 | Near Threatened | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | does not normally occur in forest |
| Land-mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 40,100,000 km2 | medium |
| Severely fragmented? | no | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population size | 38000-52000 mature individuals | medium | estimated | 2012 |
| Population trend | decreasing | poor | suspected | 1974-2010 |
| Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 1-19% | - | - | - |
| Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 1-19% | - | - | - |
| Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 1-19% | - | - | - |
| Generation length | 28 years | - | - | - |
Population justification:
Using all data obtained recently and the current knowledge on Ivory’s gull biology in Russia, populations have been estimated at 1,000-1,500 breeding pairs on Franz-Josef Land (European Russia), 1,500-3,000 pairs on Severnaya Zemlya; and 1,000-2,500 pairs in the rest of the Kara Sea Islands (Central Asian Russia) (M. Gavrilo, unpubl. data). An estimated 1,000 pairs were recorded in northeast Canada (Hess 2004, Gilchrist and Mallory 2005, Mallory pers.comm. 2016), 900-2,000 pairs in Greenland between 2000 and 2012 and 800-1,500 pairs in Svalbard between 2001 and 2013 (BirdLife International 2015). Orr and Parsons (1982) recorded aerial estimates of possibly more than 35,000 individuals between Canada and Greenland in 1978-1979, while del Hoyo et al. (1996) estimated possibly 25,000 pairs (75,000 individuals). This gives a total of 58,100-77,200 individuals, rounded here to 58,000-78,000 individuals, roughly equivalent to 38,000-52,000 mature individuals.
Trend justification: Trends are difficult to estimate as colony size fluctuates from year to year, but sustained declines have been recorded in Canada. The European population is estimated to be fluctuating (BirdLife International 2015). Further information is required on long-term trends in other areas.
| Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Canada | extant | native | yes | |||
| Czechia | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Denmark | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Faroe Islands (to Denmark) | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Finland | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| France | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Germany | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Greenland (to Denmark) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Iceland | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Ireland | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Italy | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Japan | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Netherlands | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Norway | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Poland | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Russia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia (Asian) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia (Central Asian) | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Russia (European) | extant | native | yes | |||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Sweden | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Switzerland | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| United Kingdom | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| USA | extant | native | yes |
| Country/Territory | IBA Name |
|---|---|
| Canada | Eastern Devon Island Nunataks |
| Canada | Inglefield Mountains |
| Canada | Northwestern Brodeur Peninsula |
| Canada | Seymour Island |
| Canada | Southwest Bylot |
| Canada | Sydkap Ice Field |
| Greenland (to Denmark) | Henrik Krøyer Holme |
| Greenland (to Denmark) | Kilen |
| Russia (Asian) | Izvestiy Tsik islands |
| Russia (Asian) | Nordenshel'da archipelago |
| Russia (Asian) | Sireniki shore of Chukotka |
| Russia (Asian) | Wrangel and Herald Islands |
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) | Adventdalen & Adventfjorden |
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) | Inner parts of Kongsfjorden |
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) | Northeast Svalbard Nature Reserve |
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) | Southeast Svalbard Nature Reserve |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Desert | Cold | major | breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands | major | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Rocky Shoreline | major | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Pelagic | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | marginal | resident |
| Other | major | breeding | |
| Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks) | major | breeding | |
| Altitude | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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| Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
|
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| Energy production & mining | Mining & quarrying | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Pollution | Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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| Pollution | Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnea. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/ivory-gull-pagophila-eburnea on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.