• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2018	Near Threatened	A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd
2016	Near Threatened	A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd
2012	Near Threatened	A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd
2010	Near Threatened	A2b,c,d; A3b,c,d; A4b,c,d
2008	Near Threatened	A2b,c,d; A3b,c,d; A4b,c,d
2006	Near Threatened
2005	Near Threatened
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	40,100,000 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	38000-52000 mature individuals	medium	estimated	2012
Population trend	decreasing	poor	suspected	1974-2010
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-19%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-19%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-19%	-	-	-
Generation length	28 years	-	-	-

Population justification:

Using all data obtained recently and the current knowledge on Ivory’s gull biology in Russia, populations have been estimated at 1,000-1,500 breeding pairs on Franz-Josef Land (European Russia), 1,500-3,000 pairs on Severnaya Zemlya; and 1,000-2,500 pairs in the rest of the Kara Sea Islands (Central Asian Russia) (M. Gavrilo, unpubl. data). An estimated 1,000 pairs were recorded in northeast Canada (Hess 2004, Gilchrist and Mallory 2005, Mallory pers.comm. 2016), 900-2,000 pairs in Greenland between 2000 and 2012 and 800-1,500 pairs in Svalbard between 2001 and 2013 (BirdLife International 2015). Orr and Parsons (1982) recorded aerial estimates of possibly more than 35,000 individuals between Canada and Greenland in 1978-1979, while del Hoyo et al. (1996) estimated possibly 25,000 pairs (75,000 individuals). This gives a total of 58,100-77,200 individuals, rounded here to 58,000-78,000 individuals, roughly equivalent to 38,000-52,000 mature individuals.

Trend justification: Trends are difficult to estimate as colony size fluctuates from year to year, but sustained declines have been recorded in Canada. The European population is estimated to be fluctuating (BirdLife International 2015). Further information is required on long-term trends in other areas.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Belgium	extant	vagrant			yes
Canada	extant	native		yes
Czechia	extant	vagrant			yes
Denmark	extant	vagrant			yes
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	extant	vagrant			yes
Finland	extant	vagrant			yes
France	extant	vagrant			yes
Germany	extant	vagrant			yes
Greenland (to Denmark)	extant	native	yes
Iceland	extant	vagrant			yes
Ireland	extant	vagrant			yes
Italy	extant	vagrant			yes
Japan	extant	vagrant			yes
Netherlands	extant	vagrant			yes
Norway	extant	vagrant			yes
Poland	extant	vagrant			yes
Russia	extant	native	yes
Russia (Asian)	extant	native			yes
Russia (Central Asian)	extant	vagrant		yes
Russia (European)	extant	native		yes
St Pierre and Miquelon (to France)	extant	vagrant			yes
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	extant	native		yes
Sweden	extant	vagrant			yes
Switzerland	extant	vagrant			yes
United Kingdom	extant	vagrant			yes
USA	extant	native		yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Canada	Eastern Devon Island Nunataks
Canada	Inglefield Mountains
Canada	Northwestern Brodeur Peninsula
Canada	Seymour Island
Canada	Southwest Bylot
Canada	Sydkap Ice Field
Greenland (to Denmark)	Henrik Krøyer Holme
Greenland (to Denmark)	Kilen
Russia (Asian)	Izvestiy Tsik islands
Russia (Asian)	Nordenshel'da archipelago
Russia (Asian)	Sireniki shore of Chukotka
Russia (Asian)	Wrangel and Herald Islands
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Adventdalen & Adventfjorden
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Inner parts of Kongsfjorden
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Northeast Svalbard Nature Reserve
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Southeast Svalbard Nature Reserve

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Desert	Cold	major	breeding
Marine Coastal/Supratidal	Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands	major	breeding
Marine Intertidal	Rocky Shoreline	major	breeding
Marine Intertidal	Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	marginal	resident
Other		major	breeding
Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)		major	breeding
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation
Energy production & mining	Mining & quarrying	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success
Pollution	Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Pollution	Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnea. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/ivory-gull-pagophila-eburnea on 23/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/11/2024.