Taxonomic source(s)
AOU. 1998. Check-list of North American birds. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Sibley, C. G.; Monroe, B. L. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | - | - |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2016 | Extinct in the Wild | |
2013 | Extinct in the Wild | |
2012 | Extinct in the Wild | |
2010 | Extinct in the Wild | |
2008 | Extinct in the Wild | |
2004 | Extinct in the Wild | |
2000 | Critically Endangered | |
1996 | Critically Endangered | |
1994 | Critically Endangered | |
1988 | Threatened |
Migratory status | not a migrant | Forest dependency | medium |
Land-mass type | Average mass | - |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Number of locations | 1 | - |
Severely fragmented? | no | - |
Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Population size | unknown | - | - | - |
Population trend | - | - | - | |
Generation length | 7.3 years | - | - | - |
Number of subpopulations | 1 | - | - | - |
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation | 100% | - | - | - |
Population justification: In 1992, there were only 11 or 12 birds in the wild (Maxfield 1998, Banko et al. 2002, Banko 2009), and the last two individuals were last seen in June 2002. The last known wild chick fledged in 1992, and the last viable wild egg was laid in 1996 (Faike 2006). The species persists in captive breeding facilities, with development of a reintroduction programme in progress (Lieberman and Kuehler 2009, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2009). Captive breeding started in the 1970s, but few fledglings were produced until eggs from wild nests were harvested and hatched in captivity during 1993-1996 (Lieberman and Kuehler 2009, Banko 2009). A total of 27 captive-reared juveniles, originating from eggs laid either in the wild or in captivity, were released during 1993-1999 (Banko 2009, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2009). By 1999, 21 released birds had died and the remaining six were captured to protect them and preserve genetic diversity (Maxfield 1998, Conrow 1999, Banko 2009, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2009). In 2011, the captive population stood at 94 individuals (49 at the Keauhou Bird Conservation Center, 44 at the Maui Bird Conservation Center, and 1 at the San Diego Zoo), including 39 birds used as breeders (Switzer 2011).
Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA | extinct | native | yes |
Country/Territory | IBA Name |
---|---|
USA | Kona Forests |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Artificial/Terrestrial | Pastureland | suitable | resident |
Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | resident |
Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland | major | resident |
Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane | major | resident |
Shrubland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | resident |
Shrubland | Subtropical/Tropical Moist | major | resident |
Altitude | 300 - 2000 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
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Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
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Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
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Human intrusions & disturbance | Work & other activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Likely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Bos taurus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Capra hircus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Herpestes javanicus_old | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Ovis aries | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Plasmodium relictum | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus exulans | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus rattus, West Nile Virus (WNV) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Toxoplasma gondii | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Viral/prion-induced diseases - Avipoxvirus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Viral/prion-induced diseases - Toxoplasma gondii, West Nile Virus (WNV) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Whole (>90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Hawaiian Crow Corvus hawaiiensis. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/hawaiian-crow-corvus-hawaiiensis on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.