• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note

Manucerthia mana (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) was previously placed in the genus Oreomystis following AOU (1998 & supplements); Sibley & Monroe (1990, 1993).

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)	A2bce+3bce+4bce; B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v); C1; D2

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2023	Endangered	B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)
2016	Endangered	B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
2013	Endangered	B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
2012	Endangered	B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
2008	Endangered	B1a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
2004	Endangered
2000	Endangered
1996	Endangered
1994	Endangered
1988	Near Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	15 g

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	4,200 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	1,172 km2
Number of locations	1	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	9300 mature individuals	medium	estimated	2009
Population trend	decreasing	poor	estimated	2017-2027
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-40%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-40%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-40%	-	-	-
Generation length	3.31 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	4	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: Surveys in 1976-1983 estimated the population at c.12,500 individuals (Scott et al. 1986). In 2009, the total population was estimated at c.14,000 birds (Gorresen et al. 2009), roughly equivalent to 9,300 mature individuals overall, with 9,888 birds (95% CI: 6,115-14,974) occurring in Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge (Kendall et al. 2022).

Trend justification: Trend analysis has previously indicated a density increase in Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge in north windward Hawai‘i (Camp et al. 2010b, 2016) and the species was considered stable overall (USWFS 2020). However, a more recent analysis of annual population density estimates in this area showed an overall downwards trend in the time period 1987-2019 and in the most recent decade 2010-2019, with this region supporting 71% of the global population (Kendall et al. 2022). In the period 2010-2019, density across all strata (open forest, closed forest and pasture) decreased by approximately 20%, with density in closed forest alone declining by approximately 40% (Kendall et al. 2022). The ongoing rate of decline is therefore placed in the range 20-40% within ten years. Additionally, trend analysis has shown that density for central windward Hawai‘i is declining in intact native forest (Camp et al. 2010a), while trends are unclear for Ka‘? and populations in central Kona and Hual?lai regions are thought to be very small or nearly extirpated (Gorresen et al. 2009, USWFS 2020). Declines are predicted to continue given that the threats are ongoing. Given that the species is highly susceptible to avian malaria, climate change is likely to reduce the area of suitable remaining habitat and drive further declines through causing an increase in the elevation below which regular transmission occurs (USWFS 2020).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
USA	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
USA	Hamakua Forests
USA	Kau Forest
USA	Kona Forests
USA	Mauna Loa-Kilauea Forests

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Altitude	1500 - 1900 m	Occasional altitudinal limits	1000 - 2300 m

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Plasmodium relictum	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus rattus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Sus domesticus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Unspecified species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Zosterops japonicus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Competition
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic species/disease of unknown origin - Named species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Unknown		Negligible declines		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Viral/prion-induced diseases - Avipoxvirus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Hawaii Creeper Manucerthia mana. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/hawaii-creeper-manucerthia-mana on 27/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 27/11/2024.