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Boersma, P.D. 1977. An ecological and behavioural study of the Galápagos penguin. Living Bird 15: 43-93.

Boersma, P.D. 1978. Galápagos penguins as indicators of oceanographic conditions. Science 200: 1481-1483.

Boersma, P.D. 1998. Population trends of the Galápagos Penguin: impacts of El Niño and La Niña. Condor 100: 245-253.

Boersma, P.D., Steinfurth, A., Merlen, G., Jímeñez-Uzcategui, G., Vargas, H., and P. Parker. 2015. Pingüino de Galápagos (Spheniscus mendiculus). En Pingüinos: Historia Natural y Conservación (Garcia-Borboroglu and Boersma eds.) Vazquez Mazzini Editores. Buenos Aires, Argentina: 308-328.

Boersma, P.D.; Cappello, C.D.; Merlen, G. 2017. First observations of post-fledging care in Galápagos Penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 129(1): 186-191.

Boersma, P.D.; Steinfurth, A.; Merlen, G.; Jímeñez-Uzcategui, G.; Vargas, H.; Parker, P. 2013. Galápagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus). In: Garcia-Borboroglu, P.; Boersma, P.D. (ed.), Penguins: Natural History and Conservation, pp. 286-302 . University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.

Boersma, P.D.; Vargas, H.; Merlen, G. 2005. Living laboratory in peril. Science 308: 925.

Cepeda, F. and Cruz, J.B. 1994. Status and management of seabirds on the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. In: Nettleship, D.N.; Burger, J.; Gochfeld, M. (ed.), Seabirds on islands: threats, case studies and action plans, pp. 268-278. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.

Deem, S.L.; Merkel, J.; Ballweber, L.; Vargas, F.H.; Cruz, M.B.; Parker, P.G. 2010. Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in Galapagos Penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) and Flightless Cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46(3): 1005-1011.

Eisenmann, E. 1956. Galápagos penguin in Panama. Condor 58: 74.

Ellis, S., Croxall, J. P. & Cooper, J. 1998. Penguin conservation assessment and management plan: report from the workshop held 8-9 September 1996, Cape Town, South Africa. IUCN/SSC, Apple Valley, USA.

Houghton, J., Ding, Y., Griggs, D., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P., Dai, X., Maskell, K., Johnson, C. 2001. Climate change 2001: The scientific basis. Third Assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

IUCN. 2020. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-3. Available at: https://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 10 December 2020).

Karl, T.R.; Trenberth, K.E. 2003. Modern global climate change. Science 302(5651): 1719-1724.

Karnauskas, K.B., Cohen, A.L., and Gove, J.M. 2016. Mitigation of Coral Reef Warming Across the Central Pacific by the Equatorial Undercurrent: A Past and Future Divide. Scientific reports 6: 21213.

Karnauskas, K.B., Jenouvrier, S., Brown, C.W., and R. Murtugudde. 2015. Strong sea surface cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific and implications for Galápagos Penguin conservation. Geophysical Research Letters 42 (15): 6432-6437, doi: 10.1002/2015GLO64456.

Levin, I.I.; Outlaw, D.C.; Vargas, F.H.; Parker, P.G. 2009. Plasmodium blood parasite found in endangered Galapagos Penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus). Biological Conservation 142: 3191-3195.

Levin, I.I.; Zwiers, P.; Deem, S.L.; Geest, E.A.; Higashiguchi, J.M.; Iezhova, T.A.; Jimenez-Uzcategui, G.; Kim, D.H.; Morton, J.P.; Perlut, N.G.; Renfrew, R.B.; Sari, E.H.R.; Valkiunas, G.; Parker, P.G. 2013. Multiple lineages of avian malaria parasites (Plasmodium) in the Galapagos Islands and evidence for arrival via migratory birds. Conservation Biology 27: 1366-1377.

Mills, K.L. 2000. Diving behaviour of two Galápagos Penguins Spheniscus mendiculus. Marine Ornithology 28: 75-79.

Mills, K.L.; Vargas, H. 1997. Current status, analysis of census methodology, and conservation of the Galápagos penguin, Spheniscus mendiculus. Notícias de Galápagos 58: 8-30.

Palacios, D.M., Bograd, S.J., Foley, D.G. and Schwing, F.B. 2006. Oceanographic characteristics of biological hot spots in the North Pacific: a remote sensing perspective. Deep-Sea Research II 53(3-4): 250-269.

Ridgely R.S.; Gwynne, J.A. 1976. A Guide to the Birds of Panama. Princeton University Press.

Steinfurth, A. 2007. The Marine Ecology and Conservation of the Galápagos Penguin. University of Kiel.

Steinfurth, A.; Merlen, G. 2005. Predación de gatos salvajes (Felis catus) sobre el pingüino de Galápagos (Spheniscus mendiculus) en Caleta Iguana, Isla Isabela.

Steinfurth, A.; Vargas, F.H.; Wilson, R.P.; Spindler, M.; Macdonald, D.W. 2008. Space use by foraging Galápagos Penguins during chick rearing. Endangered Species Research 4: 105-112.

Trathan, P.N., Garcia-Borboroglu, P., Boersma, D., Bost, C.A., Crawford, R.J.M., Crossin, G.T., Cuthbert, R.J., Dann, P., Davis, L.S., De La Puente, S., Ellenberg, U., Lynch, H.J., Mattern, T., Putz, K., Seddon, P.J., Trivelpiece, W. and Wienecke, B. 2014. Pollution, habitat loss, fishing, and climate change as critical threats to penguins. Conservation Biology 29(1): 31-41.

Travis, E.K.; Vargas, F.H.; Merkel, J.; Gottdenker, N.; Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G.; Miller, E.; Parker, P.G. 2006. Hematology, serum chemistry, and disease surveillance of the Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) in the Galápagos islands, Ecuador. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42(3): 625-632.

Trenberth K.E.; Hoar, T.J. 1997. El Niño and climate change. Geophysical Research Letters 24(23): 3057-3060.

Trenberth, K.E.; Hoar, T.J. 1996. The 1990-1995 El Niño-southern oscillation event: longest on record. Geophysical Research Letters 23: 57-60.

Vargas, F. H., S. Harrison, S. Rea, and D. W. Macdonald. 2006. Biological effects of El Niño on the Galápagos penguin. Biological Conservation . Biological Conservation 127: 107-114.

Vargas, F.H. 2006. The ecology of small populations of birds in a changing climate. Ph.D. thesis, University of Oxford.

Vargas, F.H.; Lacy, R.C.; Johnson, P.J.; Steinfurth, A.; Crawford, R.J.M.; Boersma, P.D.; Macdonald, D.W. 2007. Modelling the effects of El Niño on the persistence of small populations: the Galápagos Penguin as a case study. Biological Conservation 137(1): 138-148.

Vargas, H.; Lougheed, C.; Snell, H. 2005. Population size and trends of the Galapagos Penguin Spheniscus mendiculus. Ibis 147: 367-374.

Whiteman, N.K.; Goodman, S.J.; Sinclair, B.J.; Walsh, T.; Cunningham, A.A.; Kramer, L.D.; Parker, P.G. 2005. Establishment of the avian disease vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Ibis 147: 844-847.

IUCN SSC Penguin Specialist Group

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Galapagos Penguin Spheniscus mendiculus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/galapagos-penguin-spheniscus-mendiculus on 22/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/12/2024.