• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	C2a(i)	C2a(i); D1

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2020	Endangered	C2a(i)
2018	Endangered	C2a(ii)
2016	Endangered	C2a(ii)
2012	Endangered	C2a(ii)
2008	Endangered	B1a+b(i,ii,iii,v)
2004	Endangered
2000	Endangered
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type	continent	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	3,800 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	250-999 mature individuals	good	estimated	2020
Population trend	decreasing	poor	inferred	2014-2024
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-19%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-19%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-19%	-	-	-
Generation length	3.5 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	2-100	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: The largest population is found at Buenaventura Reserve, where a population size of 171 individuals was estimated in 2005-2006 (Garzón and Juiña 2007, H. M. Schaefer in litt. 2012), and 300 in 2014 (Waugh 2014) and c. 250-260 in 2019 (Garzón et al. 2019, H. M. Schaefer in litt. 2020). Outside of Buenaventura, a survey recorded maximum numbers of 77 individuals in Ñalacapac, 97 in Palo Solo and 80 in Paccha (Echeverría and Garzón 2016). The population in El Oro province is currently estimated at 550-609 individuals, with an additional 86-91 individuals in Azuay province (Garzón et al. 2019). The species's cooperative breeding system means that the number of breeding birds may be significantly fewer (H. M. Schaefer in litt. 2012). It is thus best placed in the band 250-999 mature individuals, which equates to 375-1,499 individuals in total, rounded here to 350-1,500 individuals.

Trend justification: Numbers at the type-locality in the Buenaventura Reserve were stable from 2002-2007 (Juniper and Parr 1998), estimated at 171 birds in 2005-2006 (Garzón and Juiña 2007, H. M. Schaefer in litt. 2012), 300 in 2014 (Waugh 2014) and 250 in 2020 (H. M. Schaefer in litt. 2020). The stabilisation of the population in Buenaventura is likely the consequence of intensive conservation action, including habitat restoration and the provision of artificial nestboxes (Fundación Jocotoco undated, H. M. Schaefer in litt. 2020). Nevertheless, outside of the reserve habitat loss and fragmentation are ongoing and the species is trapped in small numbers for the cagebird trade (Waugh 2019). Moreover, climate change is apparently causing a rapid upslope shift of the distribution range, which is leading to a drastic decrease in habitat availability and range size (Hermes et al. 2017). Based on these threats a slow and ongoing population decline is inferred.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Ecuador	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Ecuador	Bosque Protector Molleturo Mullopungo
Ecuador	Cerro de Hayas-Naranjal
Ecuador	Daucay
Ecuador	Reserva Buenaventura

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Altitude	800 - 1300 m	Occasional altitudinal limits	300 - 1800 m

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Energy production & mining	Mining & quarrying	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Aulacorhynchus haematopygus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: El Oro Parakeet Pyrrhura orcesi. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/el-oro-parakeet-pyrrhura-orcesi on 24/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 24/12/2024.