Data Zone
Agudo, R.; Rico, C.; Hiraldo, F.; Donázar, J. A. 2011. Evidence of connectivity between continental and differentiated insular populations in a highly mobile species. Div. Distrib. 17: 1-12.
Al Bulushi, A.; Al Harthu, S.; Al Farsi, G.; Al Araimi, J.; Al Humaidi, J. 2013. Apparent increases in Egyptian vulture populations in the Sultanate of Oman. Phoenix 29: 15-16.
Amezian, M.; Khamlichi, R. E. 2015. Significant population of Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus found in Morocco. Ostrich 87: 1-4.
Angelov, I. 2009. Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus exposed to toxic substances. BirdLife Europe e-News 3(2): 7.
Angelov, I., Bougain, C., Schulze, M., Al Sariri, T., McGrady, M. & Meyburg, B. U. 2020. A globally-important stronghold in Oman for a resident population of the endangered Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus. Ardea 108(1): 1-10.
Angelov, I.; Hashim, I.; Oppel, S. 2013. Persistent electrocution mortality of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus over 28 years in East Africa. Bird Conservation International 23: 1-6.
Angelov, I.; Yotzova, T.; Sarrouf, M.; McGrady, M. 2013. Large increase of the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus population on Masirah island, Oman. Sandgrouse 35: 140-152.
Arkumarev, V.; Dobrev, V.; Abebe, Y. D.; Popgeorgiev, G.; Nikolov, S. C. 2104. Congregations of wintering Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus in Afar, Ethiopia: present status and implications for conservation. Ostrich 85: 139-145.
Badia-Boher, J. A., Sanz-Aguilar, A., de la Riva, M., Gangoso, L., van Overveld, T., Garcia-Alfonso, M., Luzardo, O. P., Suarez-Perez, A. & Donazar, J. A. 2019. Evaluating European LIFE conservation projects: Improvements in survival of an endangered vulture. Journal of Applied Ecology 56(5): 1210-1219.
Bird, J.P., Martin, R., Akçakaya, H.R., Gilroy, J., Burfield, I.J., Garnett, S.G., Symes, A., Taylor, J., Şekercioğlu, Ç.H. and Butchart, S.H.M. 2020. Generation lengths of the world’s birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conservation Biology 34(5): 1252-1261. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13486.
BirdLife International. 2008. Drugs firms told to do more to prevent vulture extinctions. Available at: http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2008/08/indian_drug_announcemment.html.
BirdLife International. 2015. European Red List of Birds. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
Buechley, E. R., Oppel, S., Beatty, W. S. et al. 2018. Identifying critical migratory bottlenecks and high-use areas for an endangered migratory soaring bird across three continents. Journal of Avian Biology 49(7): e01629.
Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds. 2013. Technical Report for the Implementation of a Training Seminar in Ethiopia 9-19.01.2013.
Carrete, M.; Grande, J. M.; Tella, J. L.; Sánchez-Zapata, J. A.; Donazar, J. A.; Díaz-Delgado R.; Romo, A. 2007. Habitat, human pressure, and social behavior: Partialling out factors affecting large-scale territory extinction in an endangered vulture. Biological Conservation 136(1): 143-154.
Carrete, M.; Sánchez-Zapata, J. A.; Benítez, J. R.; Lobón, M.; Donázar, J. A. 2009. Large-scale risk-assessment of wind-farms on population viability of a globally-endangered long-lived raptor. Biological Conservation 142: 2954-2961.
Ceballos, O.; Donázar, J. A. 1990. Roost-tree characteristics, food habits and seasonal abundance of roosting Egyptian Vultures in northern Spain. Journal of Raptor Research 24: 19-25.
Clouet, M. 2018. Le Vautour Percnoptere Neophron percnopterus, indicateur de l'evolution des ecosystemes insulaires exemple: L'ile de Santo Antao, Cap Vert. Alauda 86(4): 310-315.
Clouet, M.; Rebours, I.; Gonzalez, L.; Kobierzycki, É.; Etchbarne, J. B. 2014. Observation des dortoirs de vautours percnoptères Neophron percnopterus au Pays Basque au cours de l'année 2013. Alauda 82: 27-30.
Cortés-Avizanda, A. 2011. Ecological effects of spatial heterogeneity and predictability in the distribution of resources: individuals, populations and guild of scavengers. PhD Thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Cortés-Avizanda, A.; Blanco, G.; DeVault, T. L.; Markandya, A.; Virani, M. Z.; Brandt, J.; Donázar, J. A. 2016. Supplementary feeding and endangered species: benefits, caveats and controversies. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14: 191-199.
Cortés-Avizanda, A.; Carrete, M.; Donázar, J.A. 2010. Managing supplementary feeding for avian scavengers: guidelines for optimal design using ecological criteria. Biological Conservation 143: 1707-1715.
Cortés-Avizanda, A.; Ceballos, O.; Donázar, J. A. 2009. Long-term trends in population size and breeding success in the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in northern Spain. Journal of Raptor Research 43(1): 43-49.
Cortés-Avizanda, A.; Colomer, M. A.; Margalida, A.; Ceballos,O.; Donázar, J. A. 2015. Modeling the consequences of the demise and potential recovery of a keystone-species: wild rabbits and avian scavengers in Mediterranean landscapes. Scientific Reports 5: 17033.
Craig, C. A., Thomson, R. L. and Santangeli, A. 2018. Communal farmers of Namibia appreciate vultures and the ecosystem services they provide. Ostrich 89(3): 211-220.
Cuthbert, R.; Green, R.E.; Ranade, S.; Saravanan, S.; Pain, D.J.; Prakash, V.; Cunningham, A. A. 2006. Rapid population declines of Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and Red-headed Vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) in India. Animal Conservation 9(3): 349-354.
Cuthbert, R.J., Taggart, M.A., Saini, M., Sharma, A., Das, A., Kulkarni, M.D., Deori, P., Ranade, S., Shringarpure, R.N., Galligan, T.H. & Green, R.E. 2016. Continuing mortality of vultures in India associated with illegal veterinary use of diclofenac and a potential threat from nimesulide. Oryx 50: 104-112.
Del Moral, J.C. (Ed.). 2009. El alimoche común en España. Población reproductora en 2008 y método de censo. SEO/Birdlife, Madrid.
Dobrev, V.; Boev, Z.; Arkumarev, V.; Dobrev, D.; Kret, E.; Saravia, V.; Bounas, A.; Vavylis, D.; Nikolov, S. C.; Oppel, S. 2016. Diet is not related to productivity but to territory occupancy in a declining population of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus. Bird Conservation International (in press).
Dobrev, V.; Boev, Z.; Oppel, S.; Arkumarev, V.; Dobrev, D.; Kret, E.; Vavylis, D.; Saravia, V.; Bounas, A.; Nikolov, S. C. 2015. Diet of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Bulgaria and Greece (2005-2013). Technical report under action A5 of the LIFE+ project “The Return of the Neophron” (LIFE10 NAT/BG/000152). BSPB.
Donázar J. A.; Benítez, J. A. 2007. La industria eólica, otra amenaza para el alimoche en el sur de Cádiz. Quercus 226: 68-69.
Donázar, J. A. 2004. Alimoche Común Neophron percnopterus. In: Madroño, A., González, C., Atienza, J.C. (ed.), Libro Rojo de las Aves de España, pp. 129-131. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad & SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.
Donázar, J. A.; Cortés-Avizanda, A.; Carrete, M. 2010. Dietary shifts in two vultures after the demise of supplementary feeding stations: consequences of the EU sanitary legislation. European Journal of Wildlife Research 56: 613-621.
Donázar, J. A.; Cortés-Avizanda, A.; Fargallo, J. A.; Margalida, A.; Moleón, M.; Morales-Reyes, Z.; Moreno-Opo, R.; Pérez-García, J. M.; Sánchez-Zapata, J. A.; Zuberogoitia, I.; Serrano, D. 2016. Roles of raptors in a changing world: from flagships to providers of key ecosystem services . Ardeola 63: 181-234.
Donázar, J. A.; Margalida, A.; Campión, D. 2009. Vultures, feeding stations and sanitary legislation: a conflict and its consequences from the perpective of conservation biology. Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi, San Sebastian, Spain.
Donázar, J. A.; Palacios, C. J.; Gangoso, L.; Ceballos, O.; González, M. J.; Hiraldo, F. 2002. Conservation status and limiting factors in the endangered population of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in the Canary Islands. Biological Conservation 107: 89-97.
Donázar, J. A.; Palacios, C. J.; Gangoso, L.; Ceballos, O.; Gonzalez, M. J.; Hiraldo, F. 2007. Conservation status and limiting factors in the endangered population of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in the Canary Islands. Biological Conservation 107(1): 89-97.
Donázar, J. A.; Serrano, D.; Urmeneta, A. 2010. Amenaza eólica sobre las aves rapaces de bardenas reales. Quercus 296(60-61).
Dzhamirzoev, G. S.; Bukreev, S. A. 2009. Status of Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in the North Caucasus, Russian Federation. Sandgrouse 31(2): 128-133.
Elorriaga, J.; Zuberogoitia, I.; Castillo, I.; Azkona, A.; Hidalgo, S.; Astorkia, L.; Ruiz-Moneo, F.; Iraeta, A. 2009. First documented case of long-distance dispersal in the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus). Journal of Raptor Research 43(2): 142-145.
Ferguson-Lees, J. and Christie, D.A. 2001. Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London.
Freitas, R., Monteiro, C., Rodrigues, I., Tavares, A., Monteiro, G., Lopez, P., Martins, S., Ferreira, J., Lima, L., Tavares, J. P. & Palma, L. 2020. Cabo Verde Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus on the brink: community perceptions, inferences and facts of an extreme population crash. Bird Conservation International 30(2): 289-307.
Galligan, T.H., Amano, T., Prakash, V.M., Kulkarni, M., Shringarpure, R., Prakash, N., Ranade, S., Green, R.E. and Cuthbert, R.J. 2014. Have population declines in Egyptian Vulture and Red-headed Vulture in India slowed since the 2006 ban on veterinary diclofenac? Bird Conservation International: 1-10.
Gangoso, L., Palacios, C.-J. 2005. Ground nesting by Egyptian Vultures (Neophron percnopterus) in the Canary Islands. Journal of Raptor Research 39: 186-187.
García-Ripollés, C.; López-López, P.; Urios, V. 2010. First description of migration and wintering of adult Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus tracked by GPS satellite telemetry. Bird Study 57(2): 261-265.
Garrido, J. R., Numa, C., Barrios, V. et al. In prep. The conservation status and distribution of the breeding birds of prey in Northern Africa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Regional Assessment .
Grubać, B.; Velevski, M.; Avukatov, V. 2014. Long-term population decrease and recent breeding performance of the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in Macedonia. North-West. J. Zool. 10: 25-32.
Hernández, A. E.; Margalida, A. 2009. Poison-related mortality effects in the endangered Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Spain. European Journal of Wildlife Research 55: 415-423.
Iñigo A.; Barov B.; Orhun C.; Gallo-Orsi U. 2008. Action plan for the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in the European Union. BirdLife International for the European Commission.
IUCN. 2021. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-3. Available at: https://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 09 December 2021).
Jennings, M. C. 2010. Atlas of the breeding birds of Arabia. Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany and Riyadh.
Katzenberger, J., Tabur, E., Sen, B., Isfendiyaroglu, S., Erkol, I. L. & Oppel, S. 2019. No short-term effect of closing a rubbish dump on reproductive parameters of an Egyptian Vulture population in Turkey. Bird Conservation International 29(1): 71-82.
Kurtev, M.; Iankov, P.; Angelov, I. 2008. National Action plan for Conservation of the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Bulgaria.
Lieury, N.; Gallardo, M.; Ponchon, C.; Besnard, A.; Millon, A. 2015. Relative contribution of local demography and immigration in the recovery of a geographically-isolated population of the endangered Egyptian vulture. Biol. Conserv. 191: 349-356.
López-López, P.; García-Ripollés, C.; Urios, V. 2014. Individual repeatability in timing and spatial flexibility of migration routes of trans-Saharan migratory raptors. Curr. Zool. 60: 642-652.
Margalida, A., Oliva-Vidal, P., Llamas, A. & Colomer, M. A. 2018. Bioinspired models for assessing the importance of transhumance and transboundary management in the conservation of European avian scavengers. Biological Conservation 228: 321-330.
Margalida, A.; Benitez, J. R.; Sanchez-Zapata, J. A.; Ávila, E.; Arenas, R.; Donázar, J. A. 2012. Long-term relationship between diet breadth and breeding success in a declining population of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus. Ibis 154: 184-188.
Margalida, A.; Bogliani, G.; Bowden, C. G. R.; Donázar, J. A.; Genero, F.; Gilbert, M.; Karesh, W. B.; Kock, R.; Lubroth, J.; Manteca, X.; Naidoo, V.; Neimanis, A.; Sánchez-Zapata, J. A.; Taggart, M. A.; Vaarten, J.; Yon, L.; Kuiken, T.; Green, R. E. 2014. One health approach to use of veterinary pharmaceuticals. Science 346: 1296-1298.
Mateo-Tomás, P.; Olea, P. P. 2015. Livestock-driven land use change to model species distributions: Egyptian vulture as a case study. Ecol. Indicators 57: 331-340.
McGrady, M. J., Karelus, D. L., Rayaleh, H. A., Willson, M. S., Meyburg, B.-U., Oli, M. K. & Bildstein, K. 2018. Home ranges and movements of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus in relation to rubbish dumps in Oman and the Horn of Africa. Bird Study 65(4): 544-556.
Moreno-Opo, R.; Trujillano, A.; Arredondo, Á.; González, L. M.; Margalida, A. 2015. Manipulating size, amount and appearance of food inputs to optimize supplementary feeding programs for European vultures. Biol. Conserv. 181: 27-35.
Mundy, P.; Butchart, D.; Ledger, J.; Piper, S. 1992. The vultures of Africa. Academic Press, London.
Naoroji, R. 2006. Birds of prey of the Indian subcontinent. Christopher Helm, London.
Nikolaus, G. 1984. Large numbers of birds killed by electric power line. Scopus 8(42).
Nikolaus, G. 2006. Commentary: where have the African vultures gone? Vulture News: 65-67.
Ogada, D.; Shaw, P.; Beyers, R.L.; Buij, R.; Murn, C.; Thiollay, J.M.; Beale, C.M.; Holdo, R.M.; Pomeroy, D.; Baker, N.; Krüger, S.C.; Botha, A.; Virani, M.Z.; Monadjem, A.; Sinclair, A.R.E. 2016. Another continental vulture crisis: Africa’s vultures collapsing toward extinction. Conservation Letters 9: 89-97.
Oppel, S.; Dobrev, V.; Arkumarev, V.; Saravia, V.; Bounas, A.; Kret, E.; Skartsi, T.; Velevski, M.; Stoychev, S.; Nikolov, S. C. 2016. Assessing the effectiveness of intensive conservation actions: Does guarding and feeding increase productivity and survival of Egyptian Vultures in the Balkans? Biological Conservation 198: 157-164.
Oppel, S.; Dobrev, V.; Arkumarev, V.; Saravia, V.; Bounas, A.; Kret, E.; Velevski, M.; Stoychev, S.; Nikolov, S. C. 2015. High juvenile mortality during migration in a declining population of a long-distance migratory raptor. Ibis 157: 545-557.
Oppel, S.; Iankov, P.; Mumun, S.; Gerdzhikov, G.; Iliev, M.; Isfendiyaroglu, S.; Yeniyurt, C.; Tabur, E. 2014. Identification of the best sites around the gulf of Iskenderun, Turkey, for monitoring the autumn migration of Egyptian Vultures and other diurnal raptors. Sandgrouse 36: 240-249.
Porter, R. F.; Suleiman, A. S. 2012. The Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus on Socotra, Yemen: population, ecology, conservation and ethno-ornithology. Sandgrouse 34: 44-62.
Sanz-Aguilar, A.; De Pablo, F.; Donázar, J. A. 2015. Age-dependent survival of island vs. mainland populations of two avian scavengers: delving into migration costs. Oecologia 179: 405-414.
Sanz-Aguilar, A.; Sánchez-Zapata, J. A.; Carrete, M.; Benítez, J. R.; Ávila, E.; Arenas, R.; Donázar, J. A. 2015. Action on multiple fronts, illegal poisoning and wind farm planning, is required to reverse the decline of the Egyptian vulture in southern Spain. Biological Conservation 187: 10-18.
Sarà, M.; Di Vittorio, M. 2003. Factors influencing the distribution, abundance and nest-site selection of an endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Sicily. Animal Conservation 6(4): 317-328.
Sara, M.; Grenci, S.; Di Vittorio, M. 2009. Status of Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Sicily. Journal of Raptor Research 43(1): 66-69.
Simmons, R. E. 2015. Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus. In: Simmons, R. E.; Brown, C. J.; Kemper, J. (ed.), Birds to watch in Namibia: red, rare and endemic species, pp. 98-99. Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia Nature Foundation.
Tauler, H.; Real, J.; Hernandez-Matias, A.; Aymerich, P.; Baucells, J.; Martorell, C.; Santandreu, J. 2015. Identifying key demographic parameters for the viability of a growing population of the endangered Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus. Bird Conservation International First View: 1-14.
Taylor. M. R.; Peacock, F.; Wanless, R. M. 2015. The 2015 Eskom Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Thiollay, J.-M. 1989. Distribution and ecology of Palearctic birds of prey wintering in West and central Africa. In: Meyburg, B.-U.; Chancellor, R.D. (ed.), Raptors in the modern World: proceedings of the III World conference on birds of prey and owls. Eilat, Israel 22-27 March 1987, pp. 95-109. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin and London.
Velevski, M.; Nikolov, S. C.; Hallmann, B.; Dobrev, V.; Sidiropoulos, L.; Saravia, V.; Tsiakiris, R.; Arkumarev, V.; Galanaki, A.; Kominos, T.; Stara, K.; Kret, E.; Grubač, B.; Lisičanec, E.; Kastritis, T.; Vavylis, D.; Topi, M.; Hoxha, B.; Oppel, S. 2015. Population decline and range contraction of the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus on the Balkan Peninsula. Bird Conservation International 25: 440-450.
Virani, M.; Kendall, C.; Njoroge, P.; Thomsett, S. 2011. Major declines in the abundance of vultures and other scavenging raptors in and around the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya. Biological Conservation 144: 746-752.
Vulture Conservation Foundation. 2016. The Egyptian vulture in France: 88 pairs, but a very bad breeding year. Available at: http://www.4vultures.org/2016/03/22/the-egyptian-vulture-in-france-88-pairs-but-a-very-bad-breeding-year/.
WCS. 2016. Nationally Threatened Species for Uganda.
Xirouchakis, S. M.; Tsiakiris, R. 2009. Status and population trends of vultures in Greece. Munibe suppl. 29: 155-171.
Zuberogoitia, I.; Zabala, J.; Martínez, J. A.; Martínez, J. E.; Azkona, A. 2008. Effect of human activities on Egyptian Vulture breeding. Animal Conservation 11(4): 313-320.
Zuberogoitia, I.; Zabala, J.; Martínez, J. E.; González-Oreja, J. A.; López-López, P. 2014. Effective conservation measures to mitigate the impact of human disturbances on the endangered Egyptian vulture. Animal Conservation 17: 410-418.
IUCN SSC Vulture Specialist Group
Detailed species account from European Red List of Birds (BirdLife International 2015)
Search for photos and videos, and hear sounds of this species from the Macaulay Library
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/egyptian-vulture-neophron-percnopterus on 26/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 26/12/2024.