Data Zone
Barnes, K. N. 1998. The Important Bird Areas of southern Africa. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg.
Bird, J.P., Martin, R., Akçakaya, H.R., Gilroy, J., Burfield, I.J., Garnett, S.G., Symes, A., Taylor, J., Şekercioğlu, Ç.H. and Butchart, S.H.M. 2020. Generation lengths of the world’s birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conservation Biology 34(5): 1252-1261. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13486.
Brown, L.H., Urban, E.K. and Newman, K. 1982. The Birds of Africa, Volume I. Academic Press, London.
Carney, K.M. and Sydeman, W.J. 1999. A Review of Human Disturbance Effects on Nesting Colonial Waterbirds. Waterbirds 22(1): 68-79.
Crawford, R. J. M., Shelton, P. A., Brooke, R. K., Cooper, J. 1982. Taxonomy, distribution, population size and conservation of the Crowned Cormorant, Phalacrocorax coronatus. Le Gerfaut 72: 3-30.
Crawford, R.J.M., Davis, S.A., Harding, R.T., Jackson, L.F., Leshoro, T.M., Meyer, M.A., Randall, R.M., Underhill, L.G., Upfold, L., van Dalsen, A.P., van der Merwe, E., Whittington, P.A., Williams, A.J. and Wolfaardt, A.C. 2000. Initial impact of the Treasure oil spill on seabirds off western South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 22: 157-176.
Crawford, R.J.M., Dyer, B.M. and Brooke, R.K. 1994. Breeding nomadism in southern African seabirds: constraints, causes and conservation. Ostrich 65(2): 231-246.
Crawford, R.J.M., Dyer, B.M. and Upfold, L. 1999. Seasonal pattern of breeding by Cape and Crowned Cormorants off western South Africa. Ostrich 70 : 193–195.
Crawford, R.J.M., Dyer, B.M., Geldenhuys, D., Makhado, A.B., Randall, R.M., Upfold, L,, Visagie, J., Waller, L. 2012. Trends in numbers of crowned cormorants in South Africa, with information on diet. African Journal of Marine Science 34: 411–424.
Crawford, R.J.M., Randall, R.M., Cook, T.R., Ryan, P.G., Dyer, B.M., Fox, R., Geldenhuys, D., Huisamen, J., McGeorge, C., Smith, M.K. and Upfold, L. 2016. Cape cormorants decrease, move east and adapt foraging strategies following eastward displacement of their main prey. African Journal of Marine Science 38(3): 373-383.
David, J.H.M., Cury, P., Crawford, R.J.M., Randall, R.M., Underhill, L.G. and Meyer, M.A. 2003. Assessing conservation priorities in the Benguela ecosystem, South Africa: analysing predation by seals on threatened seabirds. Biological Conservation 114: 289-292.
de Ponte Machado, M. 2007. Is predation on seabirds a new foraging behaviour for Great White Pelicans? History, foraging strategies and prey defensive responses. In: Kirkman SP (ed.) Final Report of the BCLME (Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem) Project on Top Predators as Biological Indicators of Ecosystem Change in the BCLME. Avian Demography Unit, Cape Town.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (ed.). 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
Harrison, J. A., Allan, D. G., Underhill, L. G., Herremans, M., Tree, A. J., Parker, V. & Brown, C. J. 1997. The Atlas of Southern African Birds. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg.
IUCN. 2021. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-3. Available at: https://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 09 December 2021).
Johnsgard, P. A. 1993. Cormorants, darters, and pelicans of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
Johnson, R.L., Venter, A., Bester, M.N. and Oosthuizen, W.H. 2006. Seabird predation by white shark, Carcharodon carcharifas, and Cape fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, at Dyer Island. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 36(1): 23-32.
Kemper, J. 2015. Crowned Cormorant. In Simmons, R.E., Brown, C.J. and Kemper, J. (eds). Birds to watch in Namibia. Red, rare and endemic species. Ministry of Environment and Tourism, and Namibia Nature Foundation, Windhoek.: 152–154.
Kemper, J.; Underhill, L. G.; Crawford, R. J. M.; Kirkman, S. P. 2007. Revision of the conservation status of seabirds and seals breeding in the Benguela Ecosystem. In: Kirkman, S. P. (ed.), Final Report of the BCLME (Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem), pp. 325-342.
Mwema, M.M., de Ponte Machado, M., Ryan, P.G. 2010. Breeding seabirds at Dassen Island, South Africa: chances of surviving great white pelican predation. Endangered Species Research 9: 125–131.
Nelson, J. B. 2005. Pelicans, cormorants and their relatives. Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Phaethontidae. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Orta, J., Jutglar, F., Garcia, E. F. J., Kirwan, G. M., and Boesman, P. F. D. 2020. Crowned Cormorant (Microcarbo coronatus), version 1.0. In: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana (eds), Birds of the World, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Tasker, M. L., Camphuysen, C. J., Cooper, J., Garthe, S., Montevecchi, W. A., and Blaber, S. J. M. 2000. The impacts of fishing on marine birds. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57(531-547).
Wetlands International. 2021. Waterbird Population Estimates. Available at: https://wpe.wetlands.org. (Accessed: 5th January 2021).
Whittington, P.A. 2004. New breeding locality for crowned cormorant. Koedoe 47: 125–126.
Williams, A.J., and Cooper, J. 1983. THE CROWNED CORMORANT: BREEDING BIOLOGY, DIET AND OFFSPRING-REDUCTION STRATEGY. Ostrich 54(4): 213-219.
IUCN SSC Cormorant Specialist Group
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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Crowned Cormorant Microcarbo coronatus. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/crowned-cormorant-microcarbo-coronatus on 22/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/11/2024.