• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	A2cd+3cd+4cd

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Vulnerable	A2cd+3cd+4cd
2016	Near Threatened	A2cd+3cd+4cd
2012	Near Threatened	A2cd+3cd+4cd
2008	Near Threatened	A2c,d; A3c,d; A4c,d
2004	Near Threatened
2000	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type	continent shelf island	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	3,742,300 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	-	-	-
Population trend	decreasing	poor	suspected	2012-2025
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	17-49,42%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	17-49,42%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	17-49,42%	-	-	-
Generation length	4.36 years	-	-	-

Population justification: The global population size has not been quantified but is believed to be large given the range and frequency of records in suitable habitat. It is a forest-dependent species, although it can use degraded and secondary growth and is one of the more regularly observed South-East Asian galliformes (Madge and McGowan 2002). Within the range the rate of forest conversion to plantations, primarily oil palm, has been very rapid over the past few decades (Global Forest Watch 2021) and as such the population is inferred to be declining. There are recent records from remaining forested areas across the range, however the extent of suitable habitat is now considerably smaller than three generations ago. Where habitat is secure the species continues to be regularly observed (eBird 2021), though observing the species away from protected areas is becoming much more difficult. There are very few records from recent years in Thailand and the population here is now thought to be small. In Myanmar the loss of lowland forest has been rapid in the past decade, although populations on offshore protected islands such as Lampi Marine National Park may be secure. Almost all records in Malaysia now come from protected areas, and the population is thought to be declining rapidly in Indonesia. Forest loss is much lower in Brunei, where impacts on the species may be much less severe.

Absolute loss of forest cover has proceeded at a moderately rapid rate, with further population impacts assumed from degradation in forest remaining (Global Forest Watch 2021). On top of this it is suspected that the rate of additional population reduction due to hunting and trapping for the cage bird trade has been 25% over three generations (Symes et al. 2018). These two main threats the to species interact: where forest is fragmented, access increases and with it the extent of trapping pressure. As such the species is suspected to be suffering a rapid population reduction.

Trend justification: The species is more abundant in intact forest, consequently the population impact of forest cover loss is expected to be equal to or greater than the rate of loss. 17% of forest cover (with greater than 30% canopy cover) has been lost over the past three generations (14.1 years) (Global Forest Watch 2021). This value does not account for the impact of forest degradation, hence the population rate of reduction from habitat loss is likely to be greater than this. The impact of hunting and trapping for the cage bird trade was assessed using expert opinion in Symes et al. (2018), who concluded that it could be causing an additive reduction of 25% over three generations. These two main threats the to species interact: where forest is fragmented, access increases and with it the extent of trapping pressure. As such the species is suspected to be suffering a rapid population reduction.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Brunei	extant	native	yes
Indonesia	extant	native	yes
Malaysia	extant	native	yes
Myanmar	extant	native	yes
Thailand	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Malaysia	Belum-Temenggor
Malaysia	Bintang Range
Malaysia	Danum Valley Conservation Area
Malaysia	Endau-Rompin
Malaysia	Gunung Pueh
Malaysia	Kabili-Sepilok
Malaysia	Kelabit Highlands
Malaysia	Kinabatangan floodplain
Malaysia	Klias peninsula
Malaysia	Krau Wildlife Reserve
Malaysia	Lambir Hills National Park
Malaysia	Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary
Malaysia	Mount Kinabalu
Malaysia	Mulu - Buda Protected Area
Malaysia	Nakawan Range
Malaysia	Niah National Park
Malaysia	Panti forest
Malaysia	Selangor Heritage Park
Malaysia	Similajau National Park
Malaysia	Tabin Wildlife Reserve
Malaysia	Taman Negara National Park
Malaysia	Tanjung Datu-Samunsam Protected Area
Malaysia	Ulu Muda
Thailand	Bala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary
Thailand	Hala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary and Bang Lang National Park
Thailand	Kaeng Krachan
Thailand	Khao Nor Chuchi
Thailand	Thaleban

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	suitable	resident
Altitude	0 - 1200 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Wood & pulp plantations - Agro-industry plantations	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Natural system modifications	Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensity	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Likely to Return		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Species mortality

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Crested Partridge Rollulus rouloul. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/crested-partridge-rollulus-rouloul on 22/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/11/2024.