• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2019	Least Concern
2016	Least Concern
2014	Least Concern
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	low
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	38,400,000 km2	medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding)	33,200,000 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	150000000 mature individuals	poor	estimated	2008
Population trend	decreasing	-	suspected	-
Generation length	4.6 years	-	-	-

Population justification: The global population is estimated to number 150,000,000 mature individuals (A. Panjabi in litt. 2017). The population in Europe, which forms approximately 55% of the global range, is estimated at 28,800,000-52,400,000 pairs, equating to 57,700,000-105,000,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).

Trend justification: In Europe, the population has been undergoing a moderate decline between 1980 and 2015 (EBCC 2018). Likewise, the introduced population in North America has declined between 1970 and 2014 (51% decline between 1966 and 2015 based on the North American Breeding Bird Survey [Sauer et al. 2017]). Therefore, the global population is tentatively assessed as being in decline.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Afghanistan	extant	native			yes
Albania	extant	native		yes
Algeria	extant	native
Argentina	extant	introduced
Armenia	extant	native		yes
Aruba (to Netherlands)	extant	introduced
Australia	extant	introduced		yes
Austria	extant	native	yes
Azerbaijan	extant	native	yes
Bahamas	extant	introduced
Bahrain	extant	native			yes
Belarus	extant	native	yes
Belgium	extant	native	yes
Bermuda (to UK)	extant	introduced	yes
Bhutan	extant	vagrant
Bosnia and Herzegovina	extant	native		yes
Bulgaria	extant	native	yes
Canada	extant	introduced	yes
Cape Verde	extant	vagrant
Cayman Islands (to UK)	extant	introduced
China (mainland)	extant	native		yes
Croatia	extant	native	yes
Cuba	extant	introduced
Cyprus	extant	native			yes
Czechia	extant	native	yes
Denmark	extant	native	yes			yes
Dominican Republic	extant	introduced
Egypt	extant	native
Estonia	extant	native	yes
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	extant	native	yes
Fiji	extant	introduced	yes
Finland	extant	native	yes			yes
France	extant	native	yes
Georgia	extant	native		yes
Germany	extant	native	yes			yes
Gibraltar (to UK)	extant	native			yes
Greece	extant	native	yes			yes
Greenland (to Denmark)	extant	vagrant
Haiti	extant	introduced
Hong Kong (China)	extant	native
Hungary	extant	native	yes
Iceland	extant	native	yes
Iran, Islamic Republic of	extant	native	yes
Iraq	extant	native	yes
Ireland	extant	native	yes
Israel	extant	native
Italy	extant	native	yes
Jamaica	extant	introduced
Japan	extant	native
Jordan	extant	native			yes
Kazakhstan	extant	native		yes
Kuwait	extant	native			yes
Kyrgyzstan	extant	native		yes
Latvia	extant	native	yes
Lebanon	extant	native			yes	yes
Libya	extant	native
Liechtenstein	extant	native		yes
Lithuania	extant	native	yes
Luxembourg	extant	native	yes
Maldives	extant	vagrant
Malta	extant	native	yes
Mexico	extant	introduced
Moldova	extant	native	yes
Mongolia	extant	native		yes
Montenegro	extant	native		yes
Morocco	extant	native
Myanmar	extant	vagrant
Nepal	extant	native
Netherlands	extant	native	yes
New Zealand	extant	introduced		yes
North Macedonia	extant	native	yes
Norway	extant	native		yes		yes
Oman	extant	native			yes
Palestine	extant	native			yes
Panama	extant	vagrant
Poland	extant	native	yes
Portugal	extant	native	yes
Puerto Rico (to USA)	extant	introduced
Qatar	extant	native			yes
Romania	extant	native	yes
Russia	extant	native		yes		yes
Russia (Asian)	extant	native		yes
Russia (Central Asian)	extant	native		yes
Russia (European)	extant	native		yes		yes
Saudi Arabia	extant	native			yes
Serbia	extant	native		yes
Slovakia	extant	native	yes
Slovenia	extant	native	yes
South Korea	extant	vagrant
Spain	extant	native	yes
St Pierre and Miquelon (to France)	extant	introduced	yes
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	extant	vagrant
Sweden	extant	native	yes
Switzerland	extant	native	yes
Syria	extant	native	yes			yes
Taiwan, China	extant	vagrant
Tajikistan	extant	native		yes
Thailand	extant	vagrant
Tonga	extant	introduced		yes
Tunisia	extant	native
Türkiye	extant	native	yes
Turkmenistan	extant	native		yes
Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK)	extant	introduced
Ukraine	extant	native	yes
United Arab Emirates	extant	native	yes
United Kingdom	extant	native	yes
USA	extant	introduced		yes
Uzbekistan	extant	native		yes
Vanuatu	extant	vagrant
Vietnam	extant	vagrant
Virgin Islands (to USA)	extant	introduced
Yemen	extant	vagrant			yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Aquatic & Marine	Artificial/Aquatic - Wastewater Treatment Areas	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	suitable	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Pastureland	suitable	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Pastureland	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest	suitable	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Urban Areas	suitable	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Urban Areas	suitable	non-breeding
Forest	Temperate	suitable	breeding
Grassland	Temperate	suitable	breeding
Grassland	Temperate	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Intertidal	Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses)	suitable	breeding
Marine Intertidal	Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses)	suitable	non-breeding
Shrubland	Temperate	suitable	breeding
Shrubland	Temperate	suitable	non-breeding
Altitude	0 - 2000 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Species mortality

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national
Pets/display animals, horticulture	subsistence, national
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	subsistence, national

---

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/common-starling-sturnus-vulgaris on 26/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 26/12/2024.