Data Zone
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Carboneras, C. & Kirwan, G.M. 2017. Common Scoter (Melanitta nigra). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (ed.), Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Collinson, M.; Parkin, D. T.; Knox, A. G.; Sangster, G.; Helbig, A.J. 2006. Species limits within the genus Melanitta, the scoters. British Birds 99: 183-201.
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
Drever, M.C., Clarck, R.G., Derksen, C., Slattery, S.M., Toose, P., Nudds, T.D. 2011. Population vulnerability to climate change linked to timing of breeding in boreal ducks. Global Change biology 18(2): 480-492.
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Fox, A. D., Jónsson, J. E., Aarvak, T., Bregnballe, T., Christensen, T. K., Clausen, K. K., Clausen, P., Dalby, L., Holm, T.E., Pavon-Jordan, D., Laursen, K., Lehikoinen, A., Lorentsen, S., Moller, A.P., Nordstrom, M., Ost, M., Soderquist, P., Therkildsen, O.R. 2015. Current and Potential Threats to Nordic Duck Populations — A Horizon Scanning Exercise. Annales Zoologici Fennici 52(4): 193-220.
Gudmundsson, F. 1979. The past status and exploitation of the Myvatn waterfowl populations. Oikos 32(1-2): 232-249.
HELCOM. 2013. HELCOM Red List of Baltic Sea species in danger of becoming extinct. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki.
HELCOM. 2013. Species information sheet - Melanitta nigra (wintering). Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/Red%20List%20Species%20Information%20Sheet/HELCOM%20Red%20List%20Melanitta%20nigra%20(wintering%20population).pdf.
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Larsen, J. K.; Laubek, B. 2005. Disturbance effects of high-speed ferries on wintering sea ducks. Wildfowl 55: 99-116.
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Smith, L. C., Sheng, Y., MacDonald, G. M., & Hinzman, L. D. 2005. Disappearing arctic lakes. Science 308: 1429-1429.
Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 1: Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Steinacher M. , Joos, F., Frolicher, T.L., Plattner, G.K., Doney, S.C. 2009. Imminent ocean acidification in the Arctic projected with the NCAR global coupled carbon cycle-climate model. Biogeosciences 6(515-533).
Stempniewicz, L. 1994. . Marine birds drowning in fishing nets in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic): numbers, species composition, age and sex structure. Ornis Svecica 4(2): 123-132.
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IUCN SSC Duck Specialist Group
Detailed species account from European Red List of Birds (BirdLife International 2015)
Search for photos and videos, and hear sounds of this species from the Macaulay Library
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Common Scoter Melanitta nigra. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/common-scoter-melanitta-nigra on 27/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 27/12/2024.