• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2018	Least Concern
2016	Least Concern
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	27,200,000 km2	medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding)	49,300,000 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	poor	estimated	2016
Population trend	stable	-	suspected	-
Generation length	9.8 years	-	-	-

Population justification: Wetlands International (2016) estimated the population at 612,000-640,000 individuals. In Europe the breeding population is estimated at 700-1,300 pairs, which equates to 1,400-2,600 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).

Trend justification: The overall population trend is thought to be stable, although some populations have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2016). In North America, the species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant increase over the last 40 years (data from Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007). In Europe, the population is projected to be decreasing by 30-49% in the 29 years (three generations) between 2000, when the declines are estimated to have begun, and 2029, and by at least 20% in 20 years (two generation lengths) (BirdLife International 2015).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Albania	extant	vagrant
Algeria	extant	vagrant
Austria	extant	uncertain			yes
Bahamas	extant	uncertain
Belgium	extant	native			yes
Bermuda (to UK)	extant	vagrant
Bulgaria	extant	uncertain			yes
Canada	extant	native		yes		yes
Croatia	extant	vagrant
Cuba	extant	native			yes
Czechia	extant	uncertain			yes
Denmark	extant	native				yes
Estonia	extant	vagrant
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	extant	native			yes
Finland	extant	vagrant
France	extant	native			yes	yes
Germany	extant	uncertain			yes	yes
Gibraltar (to UK)	extant	vagrant
Greece	extant	vagrant
Greenland (to Denmark)	extant	native	yes
Hungary	extant	vagrant
Iceland	extant	native	yes
Ireland	extant	native			yes
Italy	extant	uncertain			yes
Lithuania	extant	vagrant
Luxembourg	extant	vagrant
Mexico	extant	native
Montenegro	extant	vagrant
Morocco	extant	vagrant
Netherlands	extant	native			yes
Norway	extant	native			yes	yes
Poland	extant	vagrant
Portugal	extant	native			yes
Romania	extant	uncertain			yes
Russia	extant	vagrant
Russia (Asian)	extant	vagrant
Serbia	extant	vagrant
Slovakia	extant	uncertain			yes
Slovenia	extant	uncertain			yes
Spain	extant	native			yes	yes
St Pierre and Miquelon (to France)	extant	native			yes	yes
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	extant	native		yes
Sweden	extant	uncertain			yes
Switzerland	extant	uncertain			yes
Türkiye	extant	vagrant
Ukraine	extant	uncertain			yes
United Kingdom	extant	native			yes
USA	extant	native		yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Iceland	Arnarvatnsheidi-Tvidaegra
Iceland	Melrakkasletta
Iceland	Veidivotn
Ireland	Broadhaven, Blacksod and Tullaghan Bays and parts of the Mullet peninsula
Ireland	Donegal Bay
Ireland	Inner Galway Bay
Netherlands	Delta Coast
Netherlands	Veerse Meer
Netherlands	Wadden Sea
Netherlands	Westerschelde & Saeftinghe
Norway	Froan
Norway	Jæren
Norway	Været
Spain	Costa da Morte
United Kingdom	Scapa Flow
United Kingdom	Sounds around Wyre
United Kingdom	South Cornwall Coast

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Marine Neritic	Estuaries	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Macroalgal/Kelp	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Seagrass (Submerged)	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy-Mud	major	non-breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)	major	breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Tundra Wetlands (incl. pools and temporary waters from snowmelt)	major	breeding
Altitude	0 - 500 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality

Purpose	Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Common Loon Gavia immer. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/common-loon-gavia-immer on 24/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 24/11/2024.