• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note
Ramphastos citreolaemus (HBW and BirdLife International 2017) was previously listed as R. citrolaemus (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) . R. vitellinus, R. culminatus, R. citrolaemus and R. ariel (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as R. vitellinus following SACC (2006) and a review by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group, and before then were split as R. vitellinus, R. culminatus and R. citreolaemus following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).
One of the so-called “croaking group” of toucans (see R. toco), along with three species usually considered conspecific with it because of extensive hybrid populations which render it difficult to draw strict boundaries separating forms geographically. Nevertheless, present species differs from R. culminatus (with which it groups morphologically against R. vitellinus and R. ariel; which see) in its lemon-yellow (vs white) breast (3); greenish-yellow (vs yellow) culmen (ns1); differently coloured bill base, replacing yellow (upper) and blue (lower) with blue on both mandibles shading to yellow and red adjacent to feathers of face (2); paler yellow rump (ns1); and iris dark blue (vs brown) (Short & Horne 2001) (1, possibly 2); also, broad hybrid zone (1). Previously listed as R. citrolaemus (del Hoyo and Collar 2014). Monotypic.

Taxonomic source(s)
Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International. 2022. Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip.
HBW and BirdLife International. 2017. Taxonomic checklist of the birds of the world. V2.0.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2023	Near Threatened	A3c+4c
2016	Least Concern
2014	Least Concern
2012	Not Recognised
2008	Not Recognised
2004	Not Recognised
2000	Not Recognised
1994	Not Recognised
1988	Not Recognised

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	222,000 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	-	-	-
Population trend	decreasing	-	suspected	2017-2035
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	10-19%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-29%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-29%	-	-	-
Generation length	5.95 years	-	-	-

Population justification: The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as uncommon in Colombia and as scarce and local in Venezuela (del Hoyo et al. 2020, see also eBird 2023).

Trend justification: The population trend has not been quantified, but declines are suspected owing to habitat fragmentation and loss of suitable nesting sites (del Hoyo et al. 2002, 2020).
Even though data on its habitat requirements are scarce, this species appears to show a stronger preference for mature forest habitat (per del Hoyo et al. 2020). Over the past three generations (17.9 years), 12% of tree cover has been lost within the range; from 2017 onward this has been accelerating to a rate equivalent to 16% over three generations (Global Forest Watch 2023, using Hansen et al. [2013] data and methods disclosed therein). These values however do not account for the additional impacts of forest degradation and fragmentation. Precautionarily it is therefore suspected that overall habitat loss (i.e. the combined effect of tree cover loss, forest fragmentation and degradation) exceeds the rate of tree cover loss by half, suggesting an overall rate of habitat loss of 18% over the past three generations and accelerating to 24% over three generations from 2017 onward. Assuming that population declines in this forest-dependent species are roughly equivalent to the rate of habitat loss, population declines are here placed in the band 10-19% over the past three generations, with the rate accelerating to 20-29% from 2017 onward.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Colombia	extant	native	yes
Venezuela	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	suitable	resident
Altitude	0 - 1700 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Unknown		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national
Handicrafts, jewellery, etc.	subsistence, national
Medicine - human & veterinary	subsistence, national
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Citron-throated Toucan Ramphastos citreolaemus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/citron-throated-toucan-ramphastos-citreolaemus on 27/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 27/12/2024.