VU
Cinnamon-rumped Trogon Harpactes orrhophaeus



Taxonomy

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history
Red List criteria met
Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable
- - A2c+3c+4c

Red List history
Year Category Criteria
2023 Vulnerable A2c+3c+4c
2016 Near Threatened A2c+3c+4c
2012 Near Threatened A2c+3c+4c
2008 Near Threatened A2c; A3c; A4c
2004 Near Threatened
2000 Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1994 Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988 Lower Risk/Least Concern
Species attributes

Migratory status not a migrant Forest dependency high
Land-mass type continent
shelf island
Average mass -
Range

Estimate Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) 2,700,000 km2 medium
Severely fragmented? no -
Population
Estimate Data quality Derivation Year of estimate
Population size unknown - - -
Population trend decreasing poor inferred 2015-2027
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) 25-39,30-39% - - -
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) 25-39,30-39% - - -
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) 25-39,30-39% - - -
Generation length 3.94 years - - -
Number of subpopulations 3-50 - - -
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation 1-89% - - -

Population justification: The global population size has not been quantified but is believed to be large given the range and frequency of records in suitable habitat. It is a highly forest-dependent species that has been recorded only from undisturbed forest (Simamora et al. 2021, eBird 2022). Within its range, the rate of forest conversion to plantations, primarily oil palm, has been very rapid over the past few decades (per Global Forest Watch 2022). There are recent records from remaining forested areas across much of the range, however the extent of suitable habitat is now considerably smaller than three generations ago. Where habitat is secure the species continues to be regularly observed (eBird 2022), though observing the species away from protected areas is becoming increasingly difficult. In Thailand, there are very few recent records and the population there must now be very small. Almost all records in Malaysia now come from protected areas or forest concessions, and the population is thought to be declining rapidly in lowland Indonesia, although here (especially in Kalimantan), there are large tracts of suitable habitat remaining. Forest loss is much lower in Brunei, where impacts on the species may be much less severe and much of the forest here is likely to be suitable for this species. Overall, the population is considered highly unlikely to meet or approach he threshold for listing as threatened (<10,000 mature individuals) although this requires confirmation.

Trend justification: Harpactes orrhophaeus is thought to be declining rapidly in response to extensive forest cover loss across its range. Determining the rate of population decline for this species is difficult owing to differences in elevational preferences across its range. Nonetheless, it is consistently considered the scarcest of the South-East Asian Harpactes and appears to be the most threatened. On the Thai-Malay Peninsula, it occurs only to c.200 m (Wells 1999, Treesucon and Limparungpatthanakij 2018) where forest cover loss has been extremely rapid. This is coupled with an apparently sizeable range contraction with no evidenced Thai records for several years (eBird 2022), despite its historical occurrence up to the Isthmus of Kra (e.g. Round et al. 1982). Similarly, there are no recent records from north-east Peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan, Terengganu) or Perak, despite the species formerly occurring there (MNS Bird Conservation Council 2021). On Sumatra the species occurs up to 600 m (Eaton et al. 2021) but most habitat at or below this elevation has been cleared; there are recent records from only a handful of widely scattered localities (eBird 2022). On Borneo, which now must reasonably be considered the species' stronghold outside some protected areas in Peninsular Malaysia, it is documented as preferring submontane forest, and the species has been observed as high as 1,500 m in Sarawak (Mann 2008). However, the majority of records and documented localities are from the lowlands below 600 m (Mann 2008, eBird 2022) where forest cover loss has been rapid since 2000 (Global Forest Watch 2022). Combining these preferences with the relative total area (used as a proxy for likely population size in each area), in the three generations (12 years; Bird et al. 2020) to 2021, the area of forest cover in this species' range was reduced by 21-26%, depending on the assumptions used (Global Forest Watch 2022, based on data from Hansen et al. [2013] and methods disclosed therein). Moreover, this species is likely to be impacted by habitat degradation. Neither Husin and Rajpar (2015) nor Simamora et al. (2021) found it in recently logged forest, and the latter authors considered it among the best indicators of intact mixed dipterocarp forest on Borneo. Degradation and  habitat fragmentation are therefore thought to cause additive impacts on this species. In the three generations to 2021, the total population size is thought to have declined by 21-39%, with a best estimate of 30-39% because of the species' predilection for plains-level forest, and its apparent sensitivities to selective logging and habitat degradation. This rate is also precautionarily suspected to continue over the next three generations, although beyond that rates of loss may slow as the percentage area of forest outside protected areas diminishes.


Country/territory distribution
Country/Territory Presence Origin Resident Breeding visitor Non-breeding visitor Passage migrant
Brunei extant native yes
Indonesia extant native yes
Malaysia extant native yes
Thailand extant native yes

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)
Country/Territory IBA Name
Malaysia Bintang Range
Malaysia Endau-Rompin
Malaysia Krau Wildlife Reserve
Malaysia Lambir Hills National Park
Malaysia Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary
Malaysia Maliau Basin Conservation Area
Malaysia Mount Kinabalu
Malaysia Mulu - Buda Protected Area
Malaysia Panti forest
Malaysia Selangor Heritage Park
Malaysia Similajau National Park
Malaysia South-east Pahang peat swamp forest
Malaysia Tabin Wildlife Reserve
Malaysia Taman Negara National Park
Malaysia Tanjung Datu-Samunsam Protected Area
Malaysia Tawau Hills Park
Malaysia Ulu Muda
Thailand Bala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary
Thailand Hala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary and Bang Lang National Park
Thailand Khao Banthad
Thailand Khao Luang
Thailand Khao Nor Chuchi

Habitats & altitude
Habitat (level 1) Habitat (level 2) Importance Occurrence
Forest Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland major resident
Forest Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane suitable resident
Altitude 0 - 600 m Occasional altitudinal limits (max) 1500 m

Threats & impact
Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Agriculture & aquaculture Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture Wood & pulp plantations - Agro-industry plantations Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Rapid Declines Medium Impact: 7
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Biological resource use Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Natural system modifications Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensity Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Cinnamon-rumped Trogon Harpactes orrhophaeus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/cinnamon-rumped-trogon-harpactes-orrhophaeus on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.