• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note
Alopecoenas kubaryi (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus Gallicolumba.

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	C2a(i); D	A2b+3b+4b; B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i); D1+2

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2020	Endangered	C2a(i); D
2016	Vulnerable	D1
2012	Vulnerable	D1
2008	Vulnerable	C2a(i); D1
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Endangered
1994	Endangered
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	low
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	30,000 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	400 km2
Number of locations	6-10	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	200-500 mature individuals	medium	estimated	2020
Population trend	decreasing	medium	inferred	2003-2021
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-49%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-49%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-49%	-	-	-
Generation length	5.9 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	2	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: On Pohnpei, the population was estimated at 841 birds in 1983-1984 (Engbring et al. 1990). In 1994, a repeat survey recorded a 67% decrease in encounter rate in the lowlands, but no change in the uplands, which equated to a 50% reduction overall (Buden 2000). Therefore, the population size in 1994 is inferred to have been 421 individuals, and assuming the decline continued at the same rate, the population size on Pohnpei in 2020 may be no more than 76 individuals. In 2012, a survey was carried out at 247 stations on 19 transects across Pohnpei and only five individuals were recorded (Oleiro 2014), suggesting that the species is extremely rare on Pohnpei (R. Davis in litt. 2020).

In Chuuk (Truk), the population was estimated to number 294 in 1983-1984 (Engbring et al. 1990). A Chuuk population estimate in 2001 indicated a significantly smaller population (G. Dutson in litt. 2001), although six individuals were seen during a drive along approximately five miles of the coast road on Weno in 2019 (C. Collins in litt. 2020). The species appears to be seen more regularly in Chuuk (C. Collins in litt. 2020, R. Davis in litt. 2020), so it may be declining more slowly there. Assuming that the population declined by 10% between 1983-1984 and 2001, and that the trends continued, the population size today may be in the region of 236 individuals.

Based on the population estimates for Pohnpei and Chuuk from 1983-1984 (Engbring et al. 1990), and subsequent surveys that indicated population declines (F. Amidon in litt. 2007, Buden 2000, Oleiro 2014, G. Dutson in litt. 2001), the total population size is estimated to number 312-715 individuals, roughly equating to 208-477 mature individuals, here rounded to 200-500 mature individuals.

The species is likely to have at least two subpopulations. The largest was previously found in Pohnpei (Engbring et al. 1990), but following declines there, the population in Chuuk may now be larger. Based on the population estimate for Chuuk from 1983-1984 (Engbring et al. 1990), and subsequent surveys that indicated population declines (G. Dutson in litt. 2001), and extrapolating to 2020, the current population size in Chuuk is estimated to be within the range 236-294 individuals, roughly equating to 157-196 mature individuals, here rounded to 150-200 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The population size has probably always been low, at least in historical times (Baker 1951, Engbring et al. 1990).

On Pohnpei, the population was estimated at 841 birds in 1983-1984 (Engbring et al. 1990). In 1994, a repeat survey recorded a 67% decrease in encounter rate in the lowlands, but no change in the uplands, which equated to a 50% reduction overall (Buden 2000). This would equate to a reduction of 69% if it continued at the same rate over three generations (17.7 years), assuming exponential decline. In 2012, a survey carried out at 247 stations on 19 transects across Pohnpei did not detect the species, but five individuals were recorded outside surveys (Oleiro 2014), suggesting that the population on Pohnpei was extremely small.

In Chuuk (Truk) it was estimated to number 294 in 1983-1984 (Engbring et al. 1990). A population estimate in 2001 indicated a significantly smaller population (G. Dutson in litt. 2001). The species appears to be seen more regularly in Chuuk (C. Collins in litt. 2020, R. Davis in litt. 2020), so it may be declining more slowly there.

Based on the results of surveys in both Pohnpei and Chuuk, a continuing decline is inferred. Overall, the population is suspected to have undergone a reduction of 30-49% over the past three generations (17.7 years). Assuming current trends continue, the species is suspected to decline at a similar rate over the next three generations.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Micronesia, Federated States of	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Micronesia, Federated States of	Mount Winipot / Tol South
Micronesia, Federated States of	Pata Island

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	suitable	resident
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical Moist	suitable	resident
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Boiga irregularis	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Unknown		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus exulans	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus rattus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Caroline Islands Ground Dove Pampusana kubaryi. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/caroline-islands-ground-dove-pampusana-kubaryi on 23/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/11/2024.