• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2020	Near Threatened	A2c+3c+4c
2018	Near Threatened	A2cd+3cd+4cd
2016	Least Concern
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	3,450,000 km2
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	poor	-	-
Population trend	decreasing	-	inferred	1995-2024
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-29%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-29%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-29%	-	-	-
Generation length	6.9 years	-	-	-

Population justification: The species is reported to be widespread, but occurring at low densities (del Hoyo et al. 2001). In Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, densities were estimated to be c. 3.05 birds/km² (Anggraini et al. 2000). In East Malaysia, in the Crocker Range Park and Tawau Hills Park, the density of the species was observed to be between 1.6 individuals/km² and 26.39 individuals/km² respectively (Lakim and Biun 2005). In Peninsular Malaysia, inside Sungai Tekam Forestry Concession (Pahang state), density was observed to be 0.4 groups/km² in a primary forest and 1.0, 0.4, 0.3, 0.5 groups/km² in 0-6 month, 1-2, 3-4, and 5-6-year-old logged forest respectively (Johns 1987). In Kuala Lompat (Krau Wildlife Reserve), density was observed as 0.4 individuals/km² (Medway and Wells 1971). Due to the temporal and spatial variation of population density estimates therefore (Anngraini et al. 2000), the population size of this species has not been formally quantified. In prime habitat, it can be considered locally common (Poonswad et al. 2013).

Trend justification: The population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction (del Hoyo et al. 2001). An analysis of deforestation between 2000 and 2012 estimated forest loss within the species's range at 19.7%, rounded to 20% forest loss over three generations (21 years) (Tracewski et al. 2016). While the species's apparent tolerance of some habitat degradation might buffer the detrimental effects of deforestation to a certain degree, the scale of logging and deforestation is likely to pose an exacerbated affect in the future. Thus, the rate of decline is tentatively placed in the band 20-29% over three generations. Assuming the recent rate of decline remains constant, the species is also projected to decline by 20-29% over the next three generations.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Brunei	extant	native	yes
Indonesia	extant	native	yes
Malaysia	extant	native	yes
Myanmar	extant	native	yes
Thailand	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Malaysia	Belum-Temenggor
Malaysia	Bintang Range
Malaysia	Central Titiwangsa Range
Malaysia	Danum Valley Conservation Area
Malaysia	Danum-Linau
Malaysia	Endau-Rompin
Malaysia	Gunung Pueh
Malaysia	Hose-Laga mountains
Malaysia	Kabili-Sepilok
Malaysia	Kelabit Highlands
Malaysia	Kinabatangan floodplain
Malaysia	Kledang Range
Malaysia	Krau Wildlife Reserve
Malaysia	Lambir Hills National Park
Malaysia	Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary
Malaysia	Maliau Basin Conservation Area
Malaysia	Mount Kinabalu
Malaysia	Mulu - Buda Protected Area
Malaysia	Nakawan Range
Malaysia	Niah National Park
Malaysia	Panti forest
Malaysia	Pondok Tanjung Forest Reserve
Malaysia	Sadong-Saribas coast
Malaysia	Selangor Heritage Park
Malaysia	Similajau National Park
Malaysia	South-east Pahang peat swamp forest
Malaysia	Tabin Wildlife Reserve
Malaysia	Taman Negara National Park
Malaysia	Tanjung Datu-Samunsam Protected Area
Malaysia	Ulu Muda
Thailand	Bala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary
Thailand	Bu Do - Sungai Padi
Thailand	Chaloem Pra Kiet (Pa Phru to Daeng)
Thailand	Hala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary and Bang Lang National Park
Thailand	Khao Luang
Thailand	Thaleban

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	suitable	resident
Altitude	0 - 1800 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Bushy-crested Hornbill Anorrhinus galeritus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/bushy-crested-hornbill-anorrhinus-galeritus on 22/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/12/2024.