EN
Black-bellied Tern Sterna acuticauda



Taxonomy

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history
Red List criteria met
Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable
- C2a(ii) C2a(i,ii); D1

Red List history
Year Category Criteria
2022 Endangered C2a(ii)
2016 Endangered A2cde+3cde+4cde
2012 Endangered A2cde+3cde+4cde
2008 Near Threatened A2c; A3c; A4c
2006 Near Threatened
2004 Near Threatened
2000 Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1996 Vulnerable
1994 Vulnerable
1988 Lower Risk/Least Concern
Species attributes

Migratory status not a migrant Forest dependency does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type continent
Average mass -
Range

Estimate Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) 4,810,000 km2 medium
Severely fragmented? no -
Population
Estimate Data quality Derivation Year of estimate
Population size 800-1600, 900-1100 mature individuals medium estimated 2021
Population trend decreasing poor inferred -
Generation length 7.6 years - - -
Number of subpopulations 1-2 - - -
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation 95-99% - - -

Population justification: The global population of this species has declined drastically in recent decades such that previous estimates are thought to have considerably overestimated the population. The vast majority (>90%) of the population is now confined to India where, collating more than 1,400 records (eBird 2021) of the species between 2016 and 2020, and attributing maximum likely counts to critical sites, the population in India is estimated to number no more than 1,000 mature individuals with critical strongholds (containing more than 30 birds) being: the National Chambal Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan Morena (150 individuals); Yamuna Khadar, Delhi (44 individuals); River Godavari, Andhra Pradesh (approximately 25 individuals), Walayar Lake, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (35 individuals); Talab Shahi, Dhaulpur (30 individuals); Haiderpur and Narora on River Ganga (likely to be more than 30) and River Mahanadi, Odisha (likely more than 40) [P. Shaikh in litt. 2021]. The true population estimate may be substantially fewer than 1,000 mature individuals and determining an accurate estimate is a priority for future research. Populations in Nepal and Pakistan are very small and unlikely to host more than 20 and 50 birds each respectively (Inskipp et al. 2016, P. Shaikh in litt. 2021, eBird 2021). In Bangladesh, the population is also now estimated to be tiny. Despite being formerly common, extensive surveys in December 2011 and April 2012 of suitable habitat along the Jamuna and Padma rivers (199 km and 103 km were surveyed of the Jamuna and Padma respectively) failed to detect the species at all (Chowdhury et al. 2014). Six birds in breeding plumage were later sighted on a previously un-surveyed section of the Padma River in 2016, and two nests were found later that year (Kabir et al. 2016). Even accounting for the now-limited areas that have not been surveyed, the population is estimated to number no more than 30 individuals (S. Chowdhury in litt. 2021).

The population and range of this species has undergone a drastic decline in South-East Asia. The species is now regarded as extinct in Cambodia (Thomas and Poole 2003, Goes et al. 2010, Goes 2014), China (P. Holt in litt. 2021), Laos (Duckworth et al. 1999), Thailand (Treesucon and Limparungpatthanakij 2018) and Vietnam (Le et al. 2011, Craik and Le 2018). If any population does in fact persist in any of these countries, it must be extremely small. In Myanmar, extensive annual surveys along a 500-km stretch of the middle reaches of the Ayeyarwady river in 2017-2019 recorded just 3-5 birds (Zockler et al. 2020), representing a likely steep decline since 2001-2003, when 13 birds were found along a single stretch of river (Davies et al. 2004). This most-recent survey encompassed the vast majority of the species's former range in the country, such that it is estimated to contemporarily number no more than 30 birds. Overall, and acknowledging some uncertainty, the global population is estimated to number 800-1,600 mature individuals, with a best estimate in the range of 900-1,100. This species is capable of long-distance dispersal (see, e.g., Jansen 2005) such that the populations in Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh are likely to comprise a single subpopulation with some gene flow between them. This may be true also of the Myanmar population (comprising 1.3-2.5% of the global estimate), however it is rather disjunct and separated from north-east India by unsuitable habitat, so may constitute a separate subpopulation.

Trend justification: The species is inferred to be declining, although an exact rate has not been determined. This species had a range that formerly spanned from Pakistan through South Asia to Indochina, however is now principally confined to India, where >90% of the population resides. Despite being locally abundant in South-East Asia historically, it is now considered extinct there except for a few pairs in Myanmar (Zockler et al. 2020). With such a catastrophic range contraction, the species is inferred to have declined rapidly. Such declines continue: the species is no longer present at numerous sites in India it bred even a decade ago (eBird 2021, P. Shaikh in litt. 2021). Limited data from Myanmar suggest it also continues to decline: extensive surveys along a 500-km stretch of the middle reaches of the Ayeyarwady river (including all formerly surveyed areas for this species) in 2017-2019 recorded just 3-5 birds (Zockler et al. 2020), representing a likely steep decline since 2001-2003, when 13 birds were found along a single stretch of river (Davies et al. 2004). In Bangladesh, a count of 98 birds was made at Sirajganj in 1995; the species is now apparently extinct in this area (Chowdhury et al. 2014). The threats affecting this species are not abating and may be getting worse, with worryingly low breeding productivity now recorded at the species' stronghold, Chambal, in India (P. Shaikh in litt. 2021).


Country/territory distribution
Country/Territory Presence Origin Resident Breeding visitor Non-breeding visitor Passage migrant
Bangladesh extant native yes
Cambodia possibly extinct native yes
China (mainland) possibly extinct native yes
India extant native yes
Laos possibly extinct native yes
Myanmar extant native yes
Nepal extant native yes
Pakistan extant native yes
Thailand possibly extinct native yes
Vietnam possibly extinct native yes

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)
Country/Territory IBA Name
India Amangarh Reserve Forest
India Amboli-Tilari Reserve Forest
India Gosabara (Mokarsar) wetland complex
India Guru Ghasidas Tiger Reserve
India Heerakund Reservoir and Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary
India Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve
India Kachhudah Lake and Mahananda River Course
India Nikol-Samadhiyala-Malan Wetlands Complex
India Papikonda National Park
India Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary
India Thippagondanahalli Reservoir
India Tungabhadra Reservoir
Nepal Barandabhar forests and wetlands
Nepal Bardia National Park
Nepal Chitwan National Park
Nepal Jagdishpur Reservoir
Nepal Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and Koshi Barrage
Nepal Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve

Habitats & altitude
Habitat (level 1) Habitat (level 2) Importance Occurrence
Wetlands (inland) Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) suitable resident
Wetlands (inland) Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) major resident
Altitude 0 - 700 m Occasional altitudinal limits  

Threats & impact
Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Indirect ecosystem effects
Biological resource use Gathering terrestrial plants - Unintentional effects (species is not the target) Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Biological resource use Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather Habitat shifting & alteration Timing Scope Severity Impact
Future Unknown Unknown
Stresses
Ecosystem conversion, Species mortality
Energy production & mining Mining & quarrying Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Species mortality
Human intrusions & disturbance Recreational activities Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species disturbance, Species mortality
Human intrusions & disturbance Work & other activities Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species disturbance, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Canis familiaris Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Problematic native species/diseases - Corvus macrorhynchos Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species mortality
Natural system modifications Dams & water management/use - Small dams Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation

Utilisation
Purpose Scale
Food - human subsistence, national

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Black-bellied Tern Sterna acuticauda. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-bellied-tern-sterna-acuticauda on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.