EN
Anianiau Magumma parva



Taxonomy

Taxonomic note

Magumma parva (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) was previously placed in the genus Hemignathus and listed as H. parvus following AOU (1998 & supplements); Sibley & Monroe (1990, 1993).

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history
Red List criteria met
Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable
- A2bce+3bce+4bce; B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v) A2bce+3bce+4bce; B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v); C1+2a(ii); D2

Red List history
Year Category Criteria
2023 Endangered A2bce+3bce+4bce; B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)
2016 Vulnerable D2
2012 Vulnerable D2
2008 Vulnerable D2
2004 Vulnerable
2000 Vulnerable
1996 Vulnerable
1994 Vulnerable
1988 Lower Risk/Least Concern
Species attributes

Migratory status not a migrant Forest dependency high
Land-mass type Average mass -
Range

Estimate Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) 460 km2 medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident) 460 km2
Number of locations 1 -
Severely fragmented? no -
Population
Estimate Data quality Derivation Year of estimate
Population size 3000-5000 mature individuals medium estimated 2022
Population trend decreasing good estimated 2016-2026
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) 60-70,64% - - -
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) 60-70,64% - - -
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) 60-70,64% - - -
Generation length 2.24 years - - -
Number of subpopulations 1-2,1 - - -
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation 99-100, 100% - - -

Population justification: Estimates based on surveys of both the interior and exterior areas of the Alaka'i Plateau in 2012 placed the population at 10,787 individuals (95% CI: 8,396 – 13,434) (Paxton et al. 2016). Surveys in 2018 placed the population at 8,703 individuals (95% CI: 6,467–11,221) (Paxton et al. 2020), roughly equivalent to 4,300-7,500 mature individuals overall. Assuming declines have continued at the same rate (The most recent population estimate suggests a decline of c.64% within the time period 2008-2018 [Paxton et al. 2020]), this would now place the population in the band 3,000-5,000 mature individuals. There is possibly a small, isolated population in the Makaleha Mountains (Camp et al. 2009), however this is precautionarily assumed not to host mature individuals given the lack of recent records.

Trend justification: In 1968-1973, surveys estimated 24,230 birds, largely restricted to upper elevations (USFWS 1983). In 1992, Hurricane Iniki devastated forests throughout Kaua'i and all bird populations on the island appeared to have been drastically reduced (Pratt 1993, 1994). Surveys of the Alaka`i and Kôke`e areas in 2000 yielded an estimate of c.34,500 individuals in these areas however, suggesting the species had recovered and was possibly increasing (Foster et al. 2004). Surveys in 2012 placed the population at only 10,787 birds, suggesting more recent declines (Paxton et al. 2016). The most recent population estimate of 8,703 individuals suggests a decline of c.64% within the time period 2008-2018 (Paxton et al. 2020), and as such the rate of decline is placed here in the range 60-70% within ten years.


Country/territory distribution
Country/Territory Presence Origin Resident Breeding visitor Non-breeding visitor Passage migrant
USA extant native yes

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)
Country/Territory IBA Name
USA Kauai Forests and Uplands

Habitats & altitude
Habitat (level 1) Habitat (level 2) Importance Occurrence
Forest Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland major resident
Altitude 600 - 1600 m Occasional altitudinal limits  

Threats & impact
Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming Timing Scope Severity Impact
Past, Unlikely to Return Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Past Impact
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] Timing Scope Severity Impact
Past, Unlikely to Return Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Past Impact
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Climate change & severe weather Habitat shifting & alteration Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Whole (>90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 7
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Climate change & severe weather Storms & flooding Timing Scope Severity Impact
Past, Likely to Return Whole (>90%) Rapid Declines Past Impact
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Capra hircus Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Ceratocystis fimbriata Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Unknown Unknown Unknown
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Named species Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Competition
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Named species Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Competition
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Named species Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Plasmodium relictum Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Rapid Declines Medium Impact: 7
Stresses
Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Sus scrofa Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Tyto alba Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Unspecified species Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Zosterops japonicus Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Competition
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Viral/prion-induced diseases - Avipoxvirus Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species mortality
Residential & commercial development Housing & urban areas Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Anianiau Magumma parva. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/anianiau-magumma-parva on 07/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 07/12/2024.