• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)	A2bce+3bce+4bce; B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v); C1+2a(ii)	A2bce+3bce+4bce; B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v); C1+2a(ii); D2

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Critically Endangered	B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)
2016	Critically Endangered	B1ab(iii,v)
2015	Critically Endangered	B1ab(iii,v)
2013	Critically Endangered	B1ab(iii,v)
2012	Critically Endangered	B1ab(iii,v)
2009	Critically Endangered	B1a+b(iii)
2008	Critically Endangered
2004	Critically Endangered
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	70 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	70 km2
Number of locations	1	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	1100-2500 mature individuals	good	estimated	2017
Population trend	decreasing	medium	estimated	2007-2021
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	68%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	68%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	68%	-	-	-
Generation length	4.6 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	100%	-	-	-

Population justification:

Surveys in 2017 resulted in a population estimate of 1,768 (95% C.I. 1,193–2,411) individuals (Judge et al. 2019). This estimate is assumed to represent mature individuals. The population size is therefore here placed in the range of 1,100-2,500 mature individuals.

Trend justification: Surveys during 1980, 1995-1997 and 1997-2001 found an increasing trend in population densities (Scott et al. 1986; Simon et al. 2002; Camp et al. 2009). The population was estimated at 3,753 ± 373 individuals in 1980 (Scott et al. 1986) and 6,745 ± 1,546 individuals in 2001 (Camp et al. 2009). The population size has subsequently decreased rapidly (Paxton et al. 2018; Judge et al. 2019). In 2017, the population size was estimated at 1,768 (95% C.I. 1,193–2,411) individuals (Judge et al. 2019). The species's range has contracted by 61% since 1980, with range lost at lower elevations over 10-15 years prior to 2017 (Camp et al. 2009; Judge et al. 2019).

Based on the population estimates from 2001 and 2017 (Camp et al. 2009; Judge et al. 2019) and assuming exponential decline, the species's population size is estimated to have undergone a reduction of between 48 and 81% over the past three generations (14 years), with a best estimate of 68%. Threats are ongoing, so the species's population is assumed to continue to decline at a similar rate over the next three generations. A model of the impact of malaria encroachment under climate change on the species's range predicted that the species will lose 92.1% of its range between 1990–2010 and 2080–2100 (Fortini et al. 2015).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
USA	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
USA	Haleakala

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Altitude	1500 - 2100 m	Occasional altitudinal limits	1100 - 2300 m

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation
Climate change & severe weather	Other impacts	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Storms & flooding	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Ceratocystis huliohia	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Unknown		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Ceratocystis lukuohia	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Unknown		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Culex quinquefasciatus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Hedychium gardnerianum	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		No decline		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Herpestes auropunctatus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Plasmodium relictum	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Psidium cattleianum	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		No decline		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus exulans	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus rattus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Sus domesticus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Tyto alba	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic species/disease of unknown origin - Ceratocystis fimbriata	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Akohekohe Palmeria dolei. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/akohekohe-palmeria-dolei on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.