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Site description (2001 baseline):
Site location and context
Located 50 km south of the town of Sfax and 25 km south-east of Mahares, Kneiss is a large area of wetland in the Gulf of Gabès. The site includes the surrounding semi-desert grasslands, the shoreline, intertidal flats and five offshore islands. The vegetation of the main island of Djeziret Bessila (650 ha) is composed of halophytic species including
Halocnemum,
Arthrocnemum and
Suaeda species.
See Box and Table 2 for key species. The Gulf of Gabès in general, with its tidal range of up to two metres and its extensive mudflats at low water, is one of the most important sites in Tunisia for waders and piscivorous waterbirds, both on migration and in winter. The Kneiss islands and the shoreline opposite at Oued Maltine, is the ornithological centre-point of the Gulf of Gabès, but many of the typical species may also be found at other sites in the Gulf such as Kerkennah (site TN026), Thyna (TN027), Akarit (TN034), Bordj Kastil (TN036), Gourine (TN037) and Boughrara (TN038). The tidal mudflats provide habitat for wader species that otherwise occur only in small numbers in the Mediterranean, such as
Ostralegus haematopus,
Arenaria interpres,
Pluvialis squatarola,
Numenius arquata,
Limosa lapponica,
Calidris canuta and
Limicola falcinellus, some of which have their only major Mediterranean wintering grounds in the Gulf. Some waders breed, notably
Charadrius alexandrinus,
Recurvirostra avosetta,
Himantopus himantopus and
Tringa totanus; the latter is particularly interesting since it scarcely breeds at all in northern and central Tunisia, and thus the breeding population in the Gulf of Gabès is isolated from others further north. Other trans-Saharan migrant waders such as
Calidris minuta,
C. alba and
C. ferruginea occur in large numbers on passage, and some stay to winter; this is the only area in the Mediterranean with considerable numbers of wintering
C. ferruginea.The Gulf of Gabès is also notable for its wintering
Platalea leucorodia (most of the central European breeding population winters here), and for wintering
Casmerodius albus,
Ardea cinerea and
Egretta garzetta. There are ground-nesting colonies of
E. garzetta. Among gulls and terns, large numbers of
Larus melanocephalus and
L. genei, mostly originating from Black Sea colonies, winter and there are some breeding colonies of
L. genei. Wintering terns include
Sterna sandvicensis and
S. caspia in good numbers, with breeding colonies of
S. nilotica,
S. albifrons and S. hirundo (the latter, like
Tringa totanus, only breeds in any numbers in the Gulf of Gabès and is thus isolated from more northerly breeding colonies).
S. bengalensis occurs in small numbers on passage, and has been suspected of breeding.The above paragraphs refer to the Gulf of Gabès in general. Kneiss is the most important area, since it has the largest area of mudflats, the most important high-tide wader roosts, and some of the major breeding colonies. It is also the most important wintering area for waders in the Mediterranean, numbers of which can reach 330,000. The islands hold breeding populations of
Egretta garzetta,
Tringa totanus,
Larus cachinnans,
Sterna hirundo and
S. albifrons. There are also historical records of
Numenius tenuirostris.
Non-bird biodiversity: None known to BirdLife International.
Pressure/threats to key biodiversity
The site was declared a Natural Reserve by ministerial order in 1993. Threats to the site include disturbance as a consequence of collection of the shellfish
Venerupis decussata which affects, in particular, birds breeding on the islands.
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Important Bird Area factsheet: Îles Kneiss (Tunisia). Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/îles-kneiss-iba-tunisia on 23/11/2024.
