Current view: Text account
Site description (2001 baseline):
Site location and context
Mount Mulanje is the highest massif in the country, located in the extreme south-east near the Mozambique border. From the surrounding plains at 600–700 m it rises abruptly to a square block of high plateaux at 1,800–1,900 m, surmounted by bare rock peaks up to 3,002 m. The area above 1,800 m is just under 20,000 ha. On the west, north and eastern sides the foothills have a belt of
Brachystegia or transition woodland; the rain-facing southern and south-eastern slopes used to support extensive forest, but the situation has been drastically modified by human encroachment. The high plateaux have mainly montane grassland and shrubland, with small patches of
Widdringtonia cedar forest (above c.2,250 m these turn into shrubland). The
Widdringtonia forest on the western plateau of Chambe was replaced in the 1950s with exotic pine plantations. Four main forest-types may be recognized: lowland rainforest from 600 to 950 m (
Newtonia-Khaya-Albizia dominated), mid-altitude rainforest at 950–1,500 m (with flat-topped
Newtonia buchananii clearly dominant, the finest example being in Ruo Gorge on the southern slopes), montane rainforest at 1,500–1,850(– 1,900) m, and mainly
Widdringtonia monodominant forest above that. By the early 1980s, total forest cover was still c.7,000 ha (c.200 ha lowland, 1,800 ha mid-altitude, 5,000 ha on upper slopes and plateaus). The site includes the northern extension of Mchese Mountain, where the forest is currently in much better condition than on Mulanje itself. Most of the land around the mountain reserve was cleared for tea cultivation at the beginning of the twentieth century.
See Box and Tables 2 and 3 for key species. Some 180 species have been recorded. The site used to be and probably is still the stronghold for 0>
Alethe choloensis which is common between 900 and 1,900 m (700 m in winter). The population was estimated at c.1,000 pairs in 1983, although it is likely to have decreased much since.
Zoothera guttata was discovered in 1983 and occurs between (700–)1,200 and 1,700 m;
Apalis chariessa also occurs, up to 1,350 m, but in low numbers in these rather wet types of mid-altitude and lowland forest. The race
flavigularis of
Apalis thoracica (endemic to this site and the Zomba area) is common in forest and shrubland from 1,000 to 2,400 m, with altitudinal movements down to 600–700 m in the winter months.
Hirundo atrocaerulea breeds in small numbers on the high plateaux. The montane species
Pogoniulus leucomystax,
Andropadus nigriceps and
Bradypterus cinnamomeus reach their southern limits of distribution on Mulanje. The race of
Cossypha anomala (nominate) found here is very isolated and confined to this site and adjacent Namuli and Chiperone mountains in Mozambique. In addition, four species of the Zambezian biome occur (see Table 3).
Non-bird biodiversity: Vegetation: Mulanje is the most important centre of plant endemism in Malawi, although some species thought to be endemic may well be found on the lesser-known Namuli Mountain (MZ009) in adjacent Mozambique. A taxonomic review of Widdringtonia cedars has recently shown that two distinct species are present on the mountain: the tall tree ( whytei) is endemic while the shrubby ‘variant’ (W. nodiflora, syn. W. cupressoides) is widespread elsewhere in southern Africa. Another two forest trees are apparently endemic: Rawsonia burtt-davyi and Ficus modesta. The fern flora is exceptionally diverse (with over 100 species recorded in the forests) and contains two probably new species (in the genera Asplenium and Elaphoglossum). More flowering material is needed before a new species of mistletoe (Loranthaceae) can be named. Three lithophytic Streptocarpus and the cycad Encephalartos gratus are also endemic as well as several other plants of non-forest vegetation (although the total number varies according to taxonomic treatment). Reptiles and amphibians: a chameleon Chamaeleo mlanjensis, two geckos Lygodactylus rex and L. bonsi and two races of frogs are apparently endemic. Mammals: Mulanje is the only known Malawi locality for the rodent Aethomys namaquensis. Butterflies: Mulanje has the second-most important forest fauna in Malawi, some 111 species. The following are, on present evidence, endemic to Mulanje: Charaxes margaretae, Cymothoe melanjae and Baliochila nyasae. No fewer than 19 species of butterfly reach their southern limits: Papilio desmondi, P. pelodurus, P. phorcas, Charaxes aubyni, C. dilutus, Pseudacraea deludens, Neptis incongrua, Sallya morantii, Acraea baxteri, A. goetzei, Belenois rubrosignata, Mylothris similis, Neocoenyra gregorii, Eagris sabadius Alaena picata, Teriomima puella, Uranothauma crawshayi, U. falkensteini and Platylesches rasta.
Pressure/threats to key biodiversity
The mountain has been in a Forest Reserve since 1927, but the ecosystems of Mulanje are all threatened to varying degrees. Deforestation through human encroachment has affected Mulanje more than any other site in the country in recent decades. The largest single block of rainforest in the country, at Chisongeli on the south-eastern slopes, previously extended from 900 m to 1,800 m in a continuum and still measured 4,000 ha in 1974. It was almost totally destroyed in the 1980s, as local tea-estate workers (deprived of land by the tea estates) and refugees from the civil war in Mozambique cleared the forest for subsistence agriculture. The World Bank funded the establishment of a plantation of
Eucalyptus to try to stop the encroachment, but this merely accelerated the process as people lost their gardens and crossed the plantation to clear more forest beyond. Similarly, many other areas of low or mid-altitude forest on the southern slopes have been cleared. Of somewhat less importance for birds, the cedar forests on the high plateaux are also being heavily exploited, as illegal felling of the endemic
Widdringtonia is increasing to the point that the tree is in danger of extirpation. Other serious threats are uncontrolled fires (often lit by poachers inside the fire-breaks) and the spreading of exotic
Pinus patula throughout the plateaux (pines are invading and locally replacing the natural vegetation as they regrow faster after fires). Another potential threat is the exploitation of bauxite deposits on Lichenya Plateau.
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Important Bird Area factsheet: Mount Mulanje Forest Reserve (Malawi). Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/mount-mulanje-forest-reserve-iba-malawi on 23/12/2024.
