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Site description (2001 baseline):
Site location and context
This is the largest National Park in Angola and is situated in the south-western corner of Namibe, between the Curoca and Cunene rivers. The altitude ranges from sea-level to about 800 m at Posto do Iona and higher in the Tchamalinde Mountains, and there is a gradient in rainfall, from about 100 mm at the coast to 300 mm or more on the eastern boundary of the park. The protected area includes the mouth of the Cunene river, the extensive sand-spit and bay of the Baia dos Tigres and about 200 km of Atlantic coastline. Of particular importance is that the park is contiguous with the Skeleton Coast Park in Namibia, which is itself contiguous with the Namib-Naukluft National Park so that all three protected areas form a continuous block covering some 1,200 km of Namib Desert coastline and adjacent dunes. There are a variety of desert and semi-desert ecosystems in Iona National Park, including mobile dunes along the coast, calcrete plains,desert grasslands of perennial
Aristida and
Stipagrostis, arid montane shrubland and open woodland and arid savanna.
Welwitschia mirabilis is common on gravelly substrates (Huntley 1974b). As a result of the rainfall gradient, the perennial grasslands in the park lead into
Acacia–
Commiphora semi-arid savanna and, further east, to mopane (
Colophospermum mopane) woodland.
See Box and Tables 2 and 3 for key species. Only 114 species have been recorded for the area, but the avifauna is likely to be far richer than this, with all the typical Namib Desert avifauna present. The site is important for species restricted to the Namib–Karoo and Kalahari–Highveld biomes. Among species of global conservation concern,
Namibornis herero and
Estrilda thomensis are frequently encountered residents, while
Spheniscus demersus,
Morus capensis and
Sterna balaenarum are frequent to common non-breeding visitors along the coast. Observations of an adult
S. balaenarum feeding young, and adults carrying fish at the mouth of the Cunene river in December (Simmons and Braine 1994), as well as specimens of
S. balaenarum in breeding plumage (but with small gonads) at the same locality in November (Pinto 1973b), all support the suggestion by Brooke (1981) that this tern may breed in dunes along the coast of extreme south-west Namibe (i.e. at this site). The coastal parts of the park are an important part of the non-breeding range of
Sterna maxima albididorsalis.
The bays and coastal pans, as well as the Curoca river on the northern border of the park, support at least 58 species of waterbird (40% of Angolan list), some in numbers considered at least nationally significant, e.g.
Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis,
Ciconia nigra,
Phoenicopterus minor and a diversity of smaller wading species. Large scavengers including
Leptoptilos crumeniferus,
Gyps africanus and
Torgos tracheliotus are frequent to common in the park. The park is one of the few remaining places in Angola where
Struthio camelus occurs in the wild, and is also the only locality in Angola where
Falco rupicoloides has been recorded breeding (Dean
et al. 1988). South-western Angola is a significant part of the breeding range of
Apus bradfieldi. There are no records of this species breeding in the park, but birds in breeding condition have been collected just outside the park at S. João do Sul (Brooke 1971). The rare dark-rumped morph of
Apus horus toulsoni has been collected at Tombua (Porto Alexandre), just outside the park boundary (Pinto 1973b), and is highly likely to occur within the park boundaries.
Non-bird biodiversity: Large herbivores in the park include Diceros bicornis (CR), Equus zebra hartmannae (EN) and Aepyceros melampus petersi (Huntley 1974a). Carnivores include Lycaon pictus (EN), Hyaena brunnea (LR/nt), Acinonyx jubatus (VU) and Panthera leo (VU) (Cabral 1987; Cabral and Simões 1988).
Pressure/threats to key biodiversity
The park was occupied by Ovahimba pastoralists up to and including the early 1970s, but the current situation and current threats to biodiversity in the park are not known.
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Important Bird Area factsheet: Iona National Park (Angola). Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/iona-national-park-iba-angola on 22/11/2024.
