030
Lesser Antilles - Endemic Bird Area

Country/Territory Anguilla (to UK); Antigua and Barbuda; Barbados; Dominica; Grenada; Guadeloupe (to France); Martinique (to France); Montserrat (to UK); St Barthelemy (to France); St Kitts and Nevis; St Lucia; St Martin (to France); St Vincent and the Grenadines
Area 6,300 km2
Landform oceanic island
Altitude lowland & montane (0–1500 m)
Key habitat forest
Forest types tropical moist lowland; tropical moist montane; tropical dry; temperate/subalpine
Habitat loss major (51–90%)
Level of ornithological knowledge incomplete
Priority critical
General characteristics

This EBA comprises those islands of the Lesser Antilles which stretch in an arc from the Greater Antilles (EBAs 025-029) to the north-eastern part of South America (i.e. it excludes the east-west chain of Lesser Antillean islands which lies off the north coast of Venezuela). Adjacent to the north of the EBA are the Virgin Islands (part of EBA 029), and Trinidad and Tobago lie to the south (Secondary Areas s016 and s017). Politically, the Lesser Antillean EBA includes the UK dependent territories of Anguilla and Montserrat, the French overseas départements of Guadeloupe and Martinique (St Barthelemy and the northern part of St Martin are dependencies of Guadeloupe), the northern Netherlands Antilles (southern part of St Maarten, Saba and St Eustatius), and the independent territories of St Kitts-Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, St Lucia, St Vincent (including some of the Grenadines), Barbados, and Grenada (including the rest of the Grenadines).

The EBA's main islands are volcanic and mountainous, while the outlying ones are composed mostly of limestone and are of low relief. Volcanoes on four islands (Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Martinique and St Vincent) have erupted during the twentieth century. The more mountainous islands of Guadaloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St Lucia and St Vincent have a rich variety of habitats ranging from rain forest (including lowland and lower montane types), with montane thicket, palm brake and elfin forest along summits, to dry forest and mangroves in the lowlands.

In addition to its restricted-range birds, this EBA is important for many North American migrants and for seabirds, with many of the smaller, uninhabited islands having large and varied seabird breeding populations (see van Halewyn and Norton 1984).

Restricted-range species

This EBA has a particularly distinct avifauna, including seven endemic genera-Catharopeza, Cichlherminia, Cinclocerthia, Cyanophaia, Leucopeza, Melanospiza Ramphocinclus.

Most restricted-range species occur over a wide altitudinal range and in many habitats including dry and rain forest, and, less frequently, montane thickets and elfin forest of the uplands. A few species show more specific habitat requirements: examples are Leptotila wellsi and Ramphocinclus brachyurus which are confined to the dry forest of the lowlands, Catharopeza bishopi and Leucopeza semperi which occur in montane habitats only.

The pattern of distribution between the EBA's islands varies considerably, with only a small number of restricted-range species occurring widely (i.e. on half or more of the islands); there is, nevertheless, sufficient distributional overlap (more sharing than not) for the islands all to be included within a single EBA - though several islands have their own endemic species and are therefore important centres of endemism in their own right: Montserrat (one endemic species), Guadeloupe (one), Dominica (two), Martinique (one), St Lucia (four), St Vincent (two) and Grenada (one). The numbers of restricted-range species occurring on the islands also vary considerably, the three islands with the most being St Lucia (20), Dominica (18) and Martinique (16).

Restricted-range species IUCN Red List category
Bridled Quail-Dove (Geotrygon mystacea) LC
Grenada Dove (Leptotila wellsi) CR
Lesser Antillean Swift (Chaetura martinica) LC
Purple-throated Carib (Eulampis jugularis) LC
Green-throated Carib (Eulampis holosericeus) LC
Blue-headed Hummingbird (Riccordia bicolor) NT
Antillean Crested Hummingbird (Orthorhyncus cristatus) LC
Guadeloupe Woodpecker (Melanerpes herminieri) LC
Red-necked Amazon (Amazona arausiaca) VU
Saint Lucia Amazon (Amazona versicolor) VU
Imperial Amazon (Amazona imperialis) CR
Saint Vincent Amazon (Amazona guildingii) VU
Caribbean Elaenia (Elaenia martinica) LC
Lesser Antillean Pewee (Contopus latirostris) LC
Lesser Antillean Flycatcher (Myiarchus oberi) LC
Grenada Flycatcher (Myiarchus nugator) LC
White-breasted Thrasher (Ramphocinclus brachyurus) EN
Scaly-breasted Thrasher (Allenia fusca) LC
Pearly-eyed Thrasher (Margarops fuscatus) LC
Brown Trembler (Cinclocerthia ruficauda) LC
Grey Trembler (Cinclocerthia gutturalis) LC
Rufous-throated Solitaire (Myadestes genibarbis) LC
Forest Thrush (Turdus lherminieri) NT
(Euphonia musica) NR
Martinique Oriole (Icterus bonana) VU
Montserrat Oriole (Icterus oberi) VU
Saint Lucia Oriole (Icterus laudabilis) EN
Semper's Warbler (Leucopeza semperi) CR
Whistling Warbler (Catharopeza bishopi) EN
Plumbeous Warbler (Setophaga plumbea) LC
Adelaide's Warbler (Setophaga adelaidae) LC
Barbuda Warbler (Setophaga subita) VU
Saint Lucia Warbler (Setophaga delicata) LC
(Tangara cucullata) NR
Lesser Antillean Saltator (Saltator albicollis) LC
(Melopyrrha portoricensis) NR
Barbados Bullfinch (Loxigilla barbadensis) LC
Lesser Antillean Bullfinch (Loxigilla noctis) LC
(Loxigilla noctis) NR
Saint Lucia Black Finch (Melanospiza richardsoni) EN
Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas (IBAs)
Country Admin region IBA Name Code
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua Bethesda Dam AG012
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua Christian Valley AG009
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua Fitches Creek Bay AG007
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua Potworks Dam AG010
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua Valley Church Bay AG005
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua Wallings Forest AG008
Antigua and Barbuda Barbuda Codrington Lagoon and the Creek AG002
Barbados Christ Church Chancery Lane Swamp BB005
Barbados Christ Church Graeme Hall Swamp BB003
Barbados St. Lucy St Lucy Shooting Swamps BB002
Barbados St. Philip Bayfield Pond BB007
Barbados St. Philip East Point Pond BB004
Barbados St. Philip St Philip Shooting Swamps BB006
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (to Netherlands) Saba Saba AN006
Dominica Parish of St. Andrew Morne Diablotin National Park DM001
Dominica Parish of St. David Morne Trois Pitons National Park DM002
Dominica Parish of St. George Morne Trois Pitons National Park DM002
Dominica Parish of St. John Morne Diablotin National Park DM001
Dominica Parish of St. Joseph Morne Diablotin National Park DM001
Dominica Parish of St. Patrick Morne Trois Pitons National Park DM002
Dominica Parish of St. Patrick Point Des Foux DM003
Dominica Parish of St. Peter Morne Diablotin National Park DM001
Grenada Parish of St. George Beausejour / Grenville Vale GD003
Grenada Parish of St. George Grand Etang GD004
Grenada Parish of St. George Mount Hartman GD006
Grenada Parish of St. George Mount Saint Catherine
Grenada Parish of St. George Perseverance GD002
Grenada Parish of St. John Grand Etang GD004
Grenada Parish of St. John Mount Saint Catherine
Grenada Parish St. Andrew Grand Etang GD004
Grenada Parish St. Andrew Mount Saint Catherine
Grenada St. George's Woodford GD001
Grenada St. George's Woodlands of Grenada GD005
Guadeloupe (to France) Commune de La Désirade îlets de la Petite-Terre GP008
Guadeloupe (to France) Commune de Morne-à-l’Eau Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin's eastern coastline GP005
Guadeloupe (to France) Commune de Petit-Canal Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin's eastern coastline GP005
Guadeloupe (to France) Commune de Port-Louis Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin's eastern coastline GP005
Guadeloupe (to France) Commune de Saint-François Pointe des Châteaux GP007
Guadeloupe (to France) Commune des Abymes Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin's eastern coastline GP005
Guadeloupe (to France) Communes de l’île de Basse-Terre Forestry massif of Basse-Terre island GP002
Martinique (to France) Commun des Anses d'Arlets Massif forestier entre Le Diamant et les Trois-Îlets MQ007
Martinique (to France) Commune d'Ajoupa-Bouillon Forêts du Nord et de la Montagne Pelée MQ001
Martinique (to France) Commune de Basse-Pointe Forêts du Nord et de la Montagne Pelée MQ001
Martinique (to France) Commune de Ducos Mangrove de Fort de France MQ006
Martinique (to France) Commune de Fonds St Denis Pitons du Carbet MQ002
Martinique (to France) Commune de fort de France Pitons du Carbet MQ002
Martinique (to France) Commune de Grand Rivière Forêts du Nord et de la Montagne Pelée MQ001
Martinique (to France) Commune de La Trinité Presqu'île de la Caravelle MQ004
Martinique (to France) Commune de Macouba Forêts du Nord et de la Montagne Pelée MQ001
Martinique (to France) Commune de Marigot Pitons du Carbet MQ002
Martinique (to France) Commune de Morne Vert Pitons du Carbet MQ002
Martinique (to France) Commune de Morne- Rouge Forêts du Nord et de la Montagne Pelée MQ001
Martinique (to France) Commune de Morne- Rouge Pitons du Carbet MQ002
Martinique (to France) Commune de Rivière Salée Mangrove de Fort de France MQ006
Martinique (to France) Commune de Saint-Pierre Forêts du Nord et de la Montagne Pelée MQ001
Martinique (to France) Commune de Schoelscher Pitons du Carbet MQ002
Martinique (to France) Commune de St Joseph Pitons du Carbet MQ002
Martinique (to France) Commune des Trois-îlets Mangrove de Fort de France MQ006
Martinique (to France) Commune des Trois-îlets Massif forestier entre Le Diamant et les Trois-Îlets MQ007
Martinique (to France) Commune du Diamant Massif forestier entre Le Diamant et les Trois-Îlets MQ007
Martinique (to France) Commune du Gros Morne Pitons du Carbet MQ002
Martinique (to France) Commune du Lamentin Mangrove de Fort de France MQ006
Martinique (to France) Commune du Lorrain Pitons du Carbet MQ002
Martinique (to France) Commune du Marin Grand Macabou MQ009
Martinique (to France) Commune du Prêcheur Forêts du Nord et de la Montagne Pelée MQ001
Sint Maarten (to Netherlands) Sint Maarten Fort Amsterdam, Sint Maarten AN004
St Kitts and Nevis St Kitts St. Kitts Central Forest Reserve KN001
St Lucia Anse-La-Raye Castries and Dennery Waterworks Reserve and Marquis LC002
St Lucia Babonneau Castries and Dennery Waterworks Reserve and Marquis LC002
St Lucia Cannaries Castries and Dennery Waterworks Reserve and Marquis LC002
St Lucia Choiseul Pitons (Qualibou and Canaries) LC003
St Lucia Dauphin Iyanola and Grande Anses, Esperance and Fond D'ors LC001
St Lucia Dennery Castries and Dennery Waterworks Reserve and Marquis LC002
St Lucia Dennery Iyanola and Grande Anses, Esperance and Fond D'ors LC001
St Lucia Dennery Mandelé Protected Landscape LC004
St Lucia Laborie Castries and Dennery Waterworks Reserve and Marquis LC002
St Lucia Micoud Castries and Dennery Waterworks Reserve and Marquis LC002
St Lucia Praslin Mandelé Protected Landscape LC004
St Lucia Soufriere Castries and Dennery Waterworks Reserve and Marquis LC002
St Lucia Soufriere Pitons (Qualibou and Canaries) LC003
St Vincent and the Grenadines Mainland St Vincent Botanic Gardens Natural Landmark VC009
St Vincent and the Grenadines Mainland St Vincent Campden Park Forest Reserve VC008
St Vincent and the Grenadines Mainland St Vincent Colonarie Forest Reserve VC005
St Vincent and the Grenadines Mainland St Vincent Cumberland Forest Reserve VC004
St Vincent and the Grenadines Mainland St Vincent Dalaway (Buccament) Watershed VC006
St Vincent and the Grenadines Mainland St Vincent King's Hill Forest Reserve VC010
St Vincent and the Grenadines Mainland St Vincent Kingstown Forest Reserve VC007
St Vincent and the Grenadines Mainland St Vincent La Soufrière National Park VC001
St Vincent and the Grenadines Mainland St Vincent Mount Pleasant Forest Reserve VC003
St Vincent and the Grenadines Mainland St Vincent Richmond Forest Reserve VC002
St Vincent and the Grenadines The Grenadines Ashton Wetland VC015
St Vincent and the Grenadines The Grenadines Mustique Island VC013
Threat and conservation

The islands have suffered large-scale disturbance and destruction of forest ecosystems, mainly as a part of agricultural development. Thus some of the lower-lying limestone islands, such as Antigua and Barbados, have lost most of their natural vegetation, while on the more mountainous islands forest remnants are generally in high and inaccessible areas. Clearance for banana plantations continues on all the mountainous islands, and alteration of habitats for tourist developments (e.g. golf courses) is also a threat.

All the single-island endemics are considered threatened or Near Threatened chiefly as a result of habitat loss, but hunting, trade, brood parasitism and introduced species have all contributed to their decline. The Amazona parrots, in particular, have been the focus of considerable conservation efforts by government and non-government agencies, and consequently their status has improved. Leptotila wellsi remains Critical on Grenada (c.75 birds in 1992), being greatly threatened by chronic and continuing habitat alteration and destruction (plantations, construction developments, agriculture), possibly compounded by predation of fledglings by introduced mongooses. Likewise Ramphocinclus brachyurus has been reduced by habitat destruction and introduced predators to near-extinction in two dry forest areas on the islands of Martinique (15–40 pairs) and St Lucia (c.50 pairs). Leucopeza semperi is very possibly extinct on St Lucia, there being just a handful of records since the 1920s, and it is likely that its disappearance is related to the introduction of the mongoose, with habitat loss inevitably playing a part too. Icterus bonana is present in most habitat types throughout Martinique, but has suffered severe levels of brood-parasitism from the recently established Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis.

The widespread, but threatened (Vulnerable), West Indian Whistling-duck Dendrocygna arborea occurs on St Kitts and Nevis, and on Antigua and Barbuda, where hunting and commercial development of coastal wetlands are threats. The threatened (Endangered) seabird, Black-capped Petrel Pterodroma hasitata, was known in this EBA from Martinique and Guadeloupe, and is still reported from Dominica.

Protected areas of particular note within the EBA are: Guadeloupe National Park (173 km2); Morne Trois Pitons National Park (69 km2) and Syndicate Forest Reserve/Parrot Sanctuary on Dominica; Martinique Regional Nature Park (702 km2); the Parrot Sanctuary (15 km2) on St Lucia; St Vincent Parrot Reserve (44 km2); and the Levera and Grand Etang National Parks on Grenada.

Reference

Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J. and Wege, D. C. (1998) Endemic Bird Areas of the World. Priorities for biodiversity conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series 7. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International.


Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Endemic Bird Area factsheet: Lesser Antilles. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/eba/factsheet/26 on 24/12/2024.