Data Zone
Taxonomic note
Calidris pygmaea (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus Eurynorhynchus as E. pygmeus.
Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Mayr, E. 1933. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. XXVII. Notes on the variation of immature and adult plumages in birds and a physiological explanation of abnormal plumages. American Museum Novitates 666: 1-10.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| A2abcd; C1+2a(ii) | A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd; C1+2a(i,ii); D | A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd; C1+2a(i,ii); D1 |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Critically Endangered | A2abcd; C1+2a(ii) |
| 2018 | Critically Endangered | A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd; C2a(i) |
| 2016 | Critically Endangered | A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd; C2a(i) |
| 2015 | Critically Endangered | A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd; C2a(i) |
| 2013 | Critically Endangered | A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd; C2a(i) |
| 2012 | Critically Endangered | A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd;C2a(i) |
| 2011 | Critically Endangered | A2a,b,c,d; A3b,c,d; A4a,b,c,d; C2a(i) |
| 2010 | Critically Endangered | A2a,b,c,d; A3b,c,d; A4a,b,c,d |
| 2009 | Critically Endangered | A2a,b,c,d; A3b,c,d; A4a,b,c,d |
| 2008 | Critically Endangered | |
| 2004 | Endangered | |
| 2000 | Vulnerable | |
| 1996 | Vulnerable | |
| 1994 | Vulnerable | |
| 1988 | Threatened |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | does not normally occur in forest |
| Land-mass type |
continent |
Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 355,000 km2 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) | 3,430,000 km2 | medium |
| Severely fragmented? | no | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population size | 240-620,490 mature individuals | medium | estimated | 2021 |
| Population trend | decreasing | good | estimated | 2009-2023 |
| Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 70-80% | - | - | - |
| Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 60-70% | - | - | - |
| Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 68-72% | - | - | - |
| Generation length | 4.49 years | - | - | - |
| Number of subpopulations | 1 | - | - | - |
| Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation | 100% | - | - | - |
Population justification: A total of ten repeats of a Lincoln-Peterson method to estimate the global population have resulted in a weighted mean single global estimate of 490 mature individuals (95% confidence limits 360-620) for the six-year period between 2014-2019 (Green et al. 2021). However, the most recent winter counts suggest a total number of birds in the order of 330-340 individuals (Zöckler et al. 2021), indicating that the total of mature individuals may actually already have fallen below 250 if we assume fewer than three-quarters of these are mature individuals. As such the population is placed within a custom band of 240-620 mature individuals, with a best single value of 490 (Green et al. 2021) but noting that this figure may already be outdated.
The trend of these estimates, albeit over a short-time frame, was a mean rate of reduction of 8% (Green et al. 2021), similar to the 9% estimated from surveys of the most important wintering population in Myanmar (Zöckler et al. 2010a). However, the confidence interval of the more recent trend estimates overlapped zero, such that there is low confidence in the accuracy of the trend magnitude. In the absence of better information, and noting the congruence with the rate of reduction estimated from wintering surveys, this rate of decline is taken to be the best estimate for the population as a whole for the current timeframe. This rate of reduction is equivalent (using an exponential model of decline) to a three-generation reduction of 68% (over 13.4 years), estimated as a rate of continuing decline of 31.5% in one generation (4.5 years) and 52.7% in two generations (9 years). However, prior to 2009 the rate of population reduction, based on counts of breeding pairs at surveyed locations, was reported to be extremely rapid at an annual rate of 26% between 2002-2008 (Zöckler et al. 2010a). As such, the past rate of reduction for the most recent three-generation period (2007-2021) is suspected to have been at a higher rate, and, given the uncertainty, is placed in a band of 70-80%.
Trend justification: Observations from the breeding areas in the first decade of the 2000s indicated an extremely rapid population reduction was taking place, with the annual rate of decline reported as 26% between 2002-2008 (Zöckler et al. 2010a). The rate of decline has slowed and, based surveys of the most important wintering area in Myanmar, annual rates of decline between 2009-2016 have been estimated at 9% (Aung et al. 2020). The most recent estimate of the rate of reduction is an 8% annual reduction, based on the ten repeats of the methodology to estimate the global population size between 2014-2019 (Green et al. 2021). The reduction in the rate of reduction is thought likely due to the impact of intensive conservation efforts (C. Zöckler in litt. 2019, Green et al. 2021), however the population is still estimated to be declining at a very rapid rate, and over the past three generations the reduction is still suspected to have been 70-80%.
| Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangladesh | extant | native | yes | |||
| Cambodia | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Canada | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| China (mainland) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Hong Kong (China) | extant | native | yes | |||
| India | extant | native | yes | |||
| Indonesia | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Japan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Malaysia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Myanmar | extant | native | yes | |||
| North Korea | extant | native | yes | |||
| Philippines | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Russia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Russia (Asian) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Singapore | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| South Korea | extant | native | yes | |||
| Sri Lanka | extant | native | yes | |||
| Taiwan, China | extant | native | yes | |||
| Thailand | extant | native | yes | |||
| USA | extant | vagrant | yes | yes | ||
| Vietnam | extant | native | yes | yes |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Artificial/Aquatic - Salt Exploitation Sites | suitable | non-breeding |
| Grassland | Tundra | major | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Mud Flats and Salt Flats | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc | major | breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 70 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Marine & freshwater aquaculture - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
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| Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Future | Whole (>90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Energy production & mining | Renewable energy | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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| Human intrusions & disturbance | Work & other activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Canis familiaris | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Spartina alterniflora | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
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| Pollution | Garbage & solid waste | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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| Pollution | Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Residential & commercial development | Commercial & industrial areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Very Rapid Declines | High Impact: 8 | ||||||
|
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| Residential & commercial development | Tourism & recreation areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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| Purpose | Scale |
|---|---|
| Food - human | subsistence, national |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Spoon-billed Sandpiper Calidris pygmaea. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/spoon-billed-sandpiper-calidris-pygmaea on 22/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/11/2024.