Taxonomic note
Recent phylogenetic analyses have shown that the species shows little genetic divergence from Royal Penguin populations (Frugone et al. 2018; 2019), suggesting that a reappraisal of the taxonomic status is needed.
Taxonomic source(s)
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: #http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm#.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | - | A2bce+3bce+4bce |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2020 | Vulnerable | A2bce+3bce+4bce |
2018 | Vulnerable | A2bce+3bce+4bce |
2016 | Vulnerable | A2bce+3bce+4bce |
2013 | Vulnerable | A2bce+3bce+4bce |
2012 | Vulnerable | A2bce+3bce+4bce |
2010 | Vulnerable | A2b,c; A3b,c; A4b,c |
2008 | Vulnerable | A2b,c; A3b,c; A4b,c |
2005 | Vulnerable | |
2004 | Vulnerable | |
2000 | Vulnerable | |
1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
Land mass type |
Land-mass type - shelf island |
Average mass | - |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 18,700,000 | medium |
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 27,700,000 | medium |
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 7,400 | medium |
Number of locations | - | |
Fragmentation | - |
Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of mature individuals | medium | estimated | 1998 | |
Population trend | Decreasing | medium | estimated | - |
Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | 30-49 | - | - | - |
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | 30-49 | - | - | - |
Number of subpopulations | 2-100 | - | - | - |
Largest subpopulations | - | - | - | |
Generation length (yrs) | 12.3 | - | - | - |
Population justification: The global population is estimated at 6.3 million breeding pairs in at least 258 colonies at c.55 breeding sites (Crossin et al. 2013), with key populations on Isles Crozet (2,200,000 pairs, including 1 million on Ilots des Pingouins), Kerguelen (1.8 million pairs), Heard Island (1 million pairs), South Georgia (1 million pairs) and Marion Island (290,000 pairs).
Trend justification: The current global population estimate of 6.3 million breeding pairs (Crossin et al. 2013) represents a 47% reduction over three generations (37 years) on the previous estimate of 9 million pairs (Woehler 1993, Ellis et al. 1998). At South Georgia, c.5 million pairs were estimated in the 1980s, falling to c.2.7 million pairs in the mid 1990s and to <1 million pairs in 2002 (Trathan et al. 1998, 2012; Crossin et al. 2013). Volcanic activity eliminated a colony of c.1 million pairs on McDonald Island, though satellite images show unidentified penguins that may be recolonising Macaronis (Crossin et al. 2013); photographic images from tourist vessels suggest that the penguins are indeed Macaroni Penguins (E.J. Woehler in litt. 2019). Surveys on Heard Island (c.1 million pairs) suggest a decrease owing to losses in some smaller colonies. The population at Marion has decreased by over 30% from 434,000 pairs in 1994-1995 to 290,000 pairs in 2008-2009 (Crawford et al. 2009), and 267,000 pairs in 2012-2013 (Dyer and Crawford 2015). Recent trends at Crozet are unknown, as there has been no assessment since Jouventin (1988). At Kerguelen populations increased by c.1.06% per annum between 1962 and 2014, and have been stable since (CNRS-CEBC unpublished data). Populations in South America may be stable but data are few (Oehler et al. 2008). A rapid ongoing decline is estimated overall.
Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antarctica | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Argentina | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Australia | V | Extant | ||||
Bouvet Island (to Norway) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Brazil | V | Extant | ||||
Chile | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
French Southern Territories | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (to Australia) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
High Seas | N | Extant | Yes | |||
New Zealand | V | Extant | ||||
South Africa | N | Extant | Yes | |||
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
St Helena (to UK) | V | Extant |
Country/Territory | IBA Name |
---|---|
French Southern Territories | Île de la Possession |
French Southern Territories | Île de l'Est |
French Southern Territories | Île aux Cochons |
French Southern Territories | Îles des Apôtres |
French Southern Territories | Île des Pingouins |
French Southern Territories | Péninsule Courbet |
French Southern Territories | Southern coast of Péninsule Jeanne d'Arc |
French Southern Territories | Péninsule Rallier du Baty |
French Southern Territories | Îles Nuageuses and Île Clugny |
French Southern Territories | Northern part of Péninsule Loranchet |
South Africa | Prince Edward Islands Special Nature Reserve |
Chile | Isla Noir |
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands | South Georgia - mainland, islands, islets and stacks |
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands | South Sandwich Islands |
Argentina | San Antonio Oeste |
Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | Beauchêne Island |
Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | Jason Islands Group |
Argentina | Islas Georgias del Sur |
Argentina | Islas Malvinas |
Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | Pebble Island Group |
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (to Australia) | Heard and McDonald Islands |
Chile | Islote Leonard |
Chile | Isla Recalada |
Chile | Isla Noir |
Atlantic (Antarctic) | Test |
Chile | Islas Diego Ramírez y Rocas Norte |
Antarctica | Craggy Point, Clarence Island |
Antarctica | Gibbs Island |
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands | South Sandwich Islands - Marine |
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands | South Sandwich Islands 1 - Marine |
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands | South Georgia 1 - Marine |
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands | South Georgia 2 - Marine |
High Seas | Atlantic, Southwest 47 - Marine |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Marine Intertidal | Rocky Shoreline | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | breeding |
Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | major | non-breeding |
Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | major | breeding |
Marine Oceanic | Mesopelagic (200-1000m) | major | non-breeding |
Marine Oceanic | Mesopelagic (200-1000m) | major | breeding |
Altitude | 0 - 200 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biological resource use | Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Named species | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Named species | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Viral/prion-induced diseases - Unspecified species | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2021) Species factsheet: Eudyptes chrysolophus. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 07/03/2021.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2021) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 07/03/2021.