• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Brooke, M. de L. 2004. Albatrosses and Petrels Across the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. 1998. Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses. In: Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (ed.), Albatross biology and conservation, pp. 13-19. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton, Australia.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: #http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm#.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	A4bd

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2018	Vulnerable	A4bd
2016	Vulnerable	A4bd
2012	Vulnerable	A4bd
2010	Vulnerable	A4b,d
2008	Vulnerable	A4b,d
2007	Vulnerable
2005	Vulnerable
2004	Vulnerable
2003	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Not Recognised
1988	Not Recognised

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	Does not normally occur in forest
Land mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	128,000,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	1,900	medium
Number of locations	11-100	-
Fragmentation		-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	20100	medium	estimated	2007
Population trend	Decreasing	good	estimated	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)	30-49	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	5	-	-	-
Largest subpopulations		-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	23.3	-	-	-

Population justification:

In 1998, the total annual breeding population was estimated at 8,500 pairs, equivalent to c. 28,000 mature individuals (Gales 1998). However, current estimates are 1,553 pairs on South Georgia (Georgias del Sur) (Poncet et al. 2006), 1,800 pairs on Prince Edward Island (2008, Ryan et al. 2009), c. 1,900 pairs on Marion Island (2013, ACAP 2009), c. 340 pairs on Iles Crozet (CNRS Chinzè Monitoring Database 2010), c. 354 pairs in Iles Kerguelen (CNRS Chinzè Monitoring Database 2011), and 4 pairs on Macquarie Island (DPIWPE 2010, unpublished data), making a total of c. 6,000 annual breeding pairs. Using the same ratio as Gales (1998) for estimating the number of mature individuals, this would equate to approximately 20,100 mature individuals.

Trend justification: At South Georgia, this species has declined by 1.8% per annum over the past 20 years, and there has been an acceleration in the rate of decrease to over 4% per annum since 1997 (Poncet et al. 2006). Overall, the South Georgian population has declined by 30% between 1984-2004 (Poncet et al. 2006), and by 18% between 2004 and 2015 (A. Wolfaardt in litt. 2016). On Bird Island, adult and post-fledging survival has decreased since the mid 1980s (British Antarctic Survey, unpublished data). On the Crozet Islands, the population stabilised following rapid declines during 1970-1986, but is now declining again (Weimerskirch et al. 1997, Delord et al. 2008). Low juvenile recruitment is believed to be delaying recovery (Weimerskirch et al. 2006). On the Prince Edward Islands, the population is now stable (Nel et al. 2002b, 2002c, Crawford et al. 2003, Ryan et al. 2003, 2009). Overall declines are estimated to exceed 30% over 70 years. However, the long generation time of this species makes it difficult to determine the most appropriate trend period for predicting population trends into the future.

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Angola	V	Extant
Antarctica	N	Extant			Yes
Argentina	N	Extant			Yes
Australia	N	Extant		Yes
Bouvet Island (to Norway)	U	Extant
Brazil	N	Extant			Yes
Chile	N	Extant			Yes
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	N	Extant			Yes
Fiji	V	Extant			Yes
French Polynesia	V	Extant
French Southern Territories	N	Extant		Yes
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (to Australia)	N	Extant			Yes
High Seas	N	Extant			Yes
Italy	V	Extant
Japan	V	Extant
Madagascar	N	Extant			Yes
Mauritius	V	Extant
Mozambique	N	Extant			Yes
Namibia	N	Extant			Yes
New Zealand	N	Extant			Yes
Norfolk Island (to Australia)	N	Extant			Yes
Panama	V	Extant			Yes
Portugal	V	Extant
Réunion (to France)	V	Extant
South Africa	N	Extant			Yes
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	N	Extant		Yes
St Helena (to UK)	N	Extant			Yes
Tonga	U	Extant
Uruguay	N	Extant			Yes
USA	V	Extant

Country/Territory	IBA Name
French Southern Territories	Île de la Possession
French Southern Territories	Île de l'Est
French Southern Territories	Île aux Cochons
French Southern Territories	Îles des Apôtres
French Southern Territories	Péninsule Courbet
French Southern Territories	Baie Larose
French Southern Territories	Péninsule Rallier du Baty
French Southern Territories	Îles Nuageuses and Île Clugny
French Southern Territories	Îles Leygues
French Southern Territories	Île Foch, Île Sainte Lanne Gramont and Île Howe
South Africa	Prince Edward Islands Special Nature Reserve
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	South Georgia - mainland, islands, islets and stacks
Argentina	San Antonio Oeste
Argentina	Sistema Península de Valdés
Argentina	Isla de los Estados, Islas de Año Nuevo e islotes adyacentes
Argentina	Islas Georgias del Sur
Uruguay	Atlantic Ocean and Rio de la Plata mouth
Australia	Macquarie Island
New Zealand	North Eastern North Island (offshore)
New Zealand	Fiordland - West Coast South Island (South) (offshore)
Atlantic (Antarctic)	Test
New Zealand	Bounty-Antipodes Plateau Marine IBA
New Zealand	East Coast North Island (offshore)
New Zealand	Chatham (offshore)
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Atlantic, Southwest 2 - Marine
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Atlantic, Southwest 9 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 8 - Marine
Argentina	Atlantic, Southwest 20 - Marine
Argentina	Atlantic, Southwest 21 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 22 - Marine
Argentina	Atlantic, Southwest 27 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 28 - Marine
Argentina	Atlantic, Southwest 29 - Marine
Chile	Pacific, Southeast 1 - Marine
Chile	Pacific, Southeast 33 - Marine
Chile	Pacific, Southeast 3 - Marine
Chile	Pacific, Southeast 5 - Marine
Chile	Pacific, Southeast 23 - Marine
Chile	Pacific, Southeast 6 - Marine
Chile	Pacific, Southeast 7 - Marine
Chile	Pacific, Southeast 8 - Marine
Chile	Pacific, Southeast 9 - Marine
Argentina	Atlantic, Southwest 46 - Marine
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	Shag Rocks - Marine
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	Atlantic, Antarctic 1 - Marine
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	Atlantic, Antarctic 9 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 48 - Marine
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	Atlantic, Antarctic 5 - Marine
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	Atlantic, Antarctic 4 - Marine
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	Atlantic, Antarctic 6 - Marine
St Helena (to UK)	Atlantic, Southeast 3 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southeast 29 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 1 - Marine
South Africa	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 1 - Marine
South Africa	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 2 - Marine
South Africa	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 47 - Marine
South Africa	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 6 - Marine
South Africa	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 7 - Marine
South Africa	Indian Ocean, Western 69 - Marine
South Africa	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 8 - Marine
South Africa	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 9 - Marine
South Africa	Indian Ocean, Western 4 - Marine
South Africa	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 10 - Marine
South Africa	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 11 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 12 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 13 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 14 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 5 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 6 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 7 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 8 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 9 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 10 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 11 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 48 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 16 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 17 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 49 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 50 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Western 71 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 18 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 51 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 12 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 13 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 15 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 16 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Islands of the Golfe du Morbihan - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 19 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 22 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 23 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 24 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 25 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 26 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 27 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 28 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 29 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 30 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 31 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 32 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 33 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 34 - Marine
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (to Australia)	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 37 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Western 17 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Western 19 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Western 20 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 25 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Eastern 22 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Eastern 1 - Marine
South Africa	Prince Edward Islands Special Nature Reserve - Marine
French Southern Territories	Île aux Cochons / Îles des Apôtres - Marine
French Southern Territories	Île de la Possession / Île de l'Est - Marine
French Southern Territories	Île des Pingouins - Marine
South Africa	Indian Ocean, Western 26 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 40 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Western 27 - Marine
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (to Australia)	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 42 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 44 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 47 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Antarctic 21 - Marine
Australia	Maatsuyker Island Group, Port Davey Islands / Pedra Branca - Marine
Australia	Indian Ocean, Eastern 6 - Marine
Australia	Indian Ocean, Eastern 11 - Marine
Australia	Indian Ocean, Eastern 12 - Marine
Australia	Indian Ocean, Eastern 13 - Marine
Australia	Indian Ocean, Eastern 14 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Southwest 2 - Marine
Australia	Pacific, Southwest 4 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Southwest 10 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Southwest 11 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Southwest 12 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Southwest 13 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Southwest 14 - Marine
New Zealand	Pacific, Southwest 53 - Marine
New Zealand	Pacific, Southwest 54 - Marine
New Zealand	Pacific, Southwest 55 - Marine
New Zealand	Pacific, Southwest 56 - Marine
New Zealand	Pacific, Southwest 57 - Marine
New Zealand	Pacific, Southwest 59 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 39 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 41 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 44 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Southwest 66 - Marine
New Zealand	East Coast South Island (offshore)
New Zealand	Kaikoura (offshore)
Argentina	Talud Patagonia Norte
Argentina	Talud Agujero Azul
Argentina	Isla de los Estados
Argentina	Yaganes
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	South Georgia 1 - Marine
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	South Georgia 2 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 51 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 52 - Marine
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Atlantic, Southwest 53 - Marine
Argentina	Atlantic, Southwest 54 - Marine
Argentina	Atlantic, Southwest 55 - Marine

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Grassland	Subantarctic	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	major	non-breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	major	breeding
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Mus musculus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Pollution	Garbage & solid waste	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Diomedea exulans. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 26/11/2020. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2020) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 26/11/2020.