• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Brooke, M. de L. 2004. Albatrosses and Petrels Across the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. 1998. Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses. In: Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (ed.), Albatross biology and conservation, pp. 13-19. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton, Australia.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: #http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm#.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	A4bd

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2018	Vulnerable	A4bd
2016	Vulnerable	A4bd
2012	Vulnerable	A4bd
2010	Vulnerable	A4b,d
2008	Vulnerable	A4b,d
2007	Vulnerable
2005	Vulnerable
2004	Vulnerable
2003	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Not Recognised
1988	Not Recognised

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	Does not normally occur in forest
Land mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	128,000,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	1,900	medium
Number of locations	11-100	-
Fragmentation		-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	20100	medium	estimated	2007
Population trend	Decreasing	good	estimated	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)	30-49	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	5	-	-	-
Largest subpopulations		-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	23.3	-	-	-

Population justification:

In 1998, the total annual breeding population was estimated at 8,500 pairs, equivalent to c. 28,000 mature individuals (Gales 1998). However, current estimates are 1,553 pairs on South Georgia (Georgias del Sur) (Poncet et al. 2006), 1,800 pairs on Prince Edward Island (2008, Ryan et al. 2009), c. 1,900 pairs on Marion Island (2013, ACAP 2009), c. 340 pairs on Iles Crozet (CNRS Chinzè Monitoring Database 2010), c. 354 pairs in Iles Kerguelen (CNRS Chinzè Monitoring Database 2011), and 4 pairs on Macquarie Island (DPIWPE 2010, unpublished data), making a total of c. 6,000 annual breeding pairs. Using the same ratio as Gales (1998) for estimating the number of mature individuals, this would equate to approximately 20,100 mature individuals.

Trend justification: At South Georgia, this species has declined by 1.8% per annum over the past 20 years, and there has been an acceleration in the rate of decrease to over 4% per annum since 1997 (Poncet et al. 2006). Overall, the South Georgian population has declined by 30% between 1984-2004 (Poncet et al. 2006), and by 18% between 2004 and 2015 (A. Wolfaardt in litt. 2016). On Bird Island, adult and post-fledging survival has decreased since the mid 1980s (British Antarctic Survey, unpublished data). On the Crozet Islands, the population stabilised following rapid declines during 1970-1986, but is now declining again (Weimerskirch et al. 1997, Delord et al. 2008). Low juvenile recruitment is believed to be delaying recovery (Weimerskirch et al. 2006). On the Prince Edward Islands, the population is now stable (Nel et al. 2002b, 2002c, Crawford et al. 2003, Ryan et al. 2003, 2009). Overall declines are estimated to exceed 30% over 70 years. However, the long generation time of this species makes it difficult to determine the most appropriate trend period for predicting population trends into the future.

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Angola	V	Extant
Antarctica	N	Extant			Yes
Argentina	N	Extant			Yes
Australia	N	Extant		Yes
Bouvet Island (to Norway)	U	Extant
Brazil	N	Extant			Yes
Chile	N	Extant			Yes
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	N	Extant			Yes
Fiji	V	Extant			Yes
French Polynesia	V	Extant
French Southern Territories	N	Extant		Yes
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (to Australia)	N	Extant			Yes
High Seas	N	Extant			Yes
Italy	V	Extant
Japan	V	Extant
Madagascar	N	Extant			Yes
Mauritius	V	Extant
Mozambique	N	Extant			Yes
Namibia	N	Extant			Yes
New Zealand	N	Extant			Yes
Norfolk Island (to Australia)	N	Extant			Yes
Panama	V	Extant			Yes
Portugal	V	Extant
Réunion (to France)	V	Extant
South Africa	N	Extant			Yes
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	N	Extant		Yes
St Helena (to UK)	N	Extant			Yes
Tonga	U	Extant
Uruguay	N	Extant			Yes
USA	V	Extant

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Argentina	Atlantic, Southwest 54 - Marine
Argentina	Atlantic, Southwest 55 - Marine
Argentina	Islas Georgias del Sur
Australia	Macquarie Island
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Atlantic, Southwest 53 - Marine
French Southern Territories	Baie Larose
French Southern Territories	Île aux Cochons
French Southern Territories	Île de l'Est
French Southern Territories	Île de la Possession
French Southern Territories	Île Foch, Île Sainte Lanne Gramont and Île Howe
French Southern Territories	Îles des Apôtres
French Southern Territories	Îles Leygues
French Southern Territories	Îles Nuageuses and Île Clugny
French Southern Territories	Péninsule Courbet
French Southern Territories	Péninsule Rallier du Baty
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 28 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 47 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 51 - Marine
High Seas	Atlantic, Southwest 52 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 12 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 13 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 14 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 34 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 40 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Eastern 22 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 1 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 10 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 11 - Marine
High Seas	Indian Ocean, Western 25 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Southwest 10 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Southwest 11 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Southwest 12 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Southwest 13 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Southwest 14 - Marine
New Zealand	Chatham (offshore)
New Zealand	East Coast South Island (offshore)
New Zealand	Kaikoura (offshore)
New Zealand	North Eastern North Island (offshore)
South Africa	Prince Edward Islands Special Nature Reserve
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	South Georgia - mainland, islands, islets and stacks
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	South Georgia 1 - Marine
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	South Georgia 2 - Marine
Uruguay	Atlantic Ocean and Rio de la Plata mouth

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Grassland	Subantarctic	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	major	non-breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	major	breeding
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Mus musculus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Pollution	Garbage & solid waste	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Diomedea exulans. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 20/02/2020. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2020) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 20/02/2020.