• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	C2a(ii)

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2024	Vulnerable	C2a(ii)
2016	Vulnerable	C2a(ii)
2013	Vulnerable	B1ab(ii,iii,v);C2a(ii)
2012	Vulnerable	B1ab(ii,iii,v);C2a(ii)
2009	Vulnerable	B1a+b(ii,iii,v); C2a(ii)
2008	Endangered
2004	Endangered
2000	Endangered
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Not Recognised
1988	Not Recognised

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	10,400 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	5000-8000 mature individuals	good	estimated	2012
Population trend	decreasing	poor	inferred	-
Generation length	6.37 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	100%	-	-	-

Population justification: The species is described as localised and uncommon or rare (Dutson 2011). During surveys in 2003-2006, the species was recorded on 57% of the massifs in the northern province, 42% of the massifs in the southern province, and was locally common in the central part of the main dividing range (Mé Maoya Massif, Moindou-Farino area, Poindimié-Ponérihouen area) (Chartendrault and Barré 2005, 2006, Legault et al. 2011). Its numbers were poorly known prior to 2006 (Chartendrault and Barré 2005, 2006) with only two independent population estimates of 1,000-3,000 birds (Ekstrom et al. 2000) and 720 pairs (N. Barré in litt. 1999), respectively. A more recent study using distance sampling density surveys, observation records, and ecological niche modelling indicates that its distribution extends over 3,482 km² and estimates that the population numbers 8,690 (7,934-9,445) birds (Legault et al. 2013b). This figure likely overestimates the population size due to the amount of forest cover used in this estimate, but the total population size is thought to number at least 5,000 mature individuals (V. Chartendault in litt. 2007). As such, it is here placed in the range 5,000-8,000 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The species appears to have declined since the 1880s when it was reported from all forested areas. Its range has been considerably reduced on Mt Panié, and is restricted to the north-western part of the Panié massif (Ekstrom et al. 2000, J. Theuerkauf in litt. 2012). In more recent years, densities in Riviere Bleue Provincial Park have been stable (Y. Létocart in litt. 1999), reaching approximately 21 (15-30) birds/km² in 2008 (Legault et al. 2013a).

Forest loss detected by remote sensing data is minimal within the species' range (<1% in three generations), (Global Forest Watch 2024, using data from Hansen et al. [2013] and methods disclosed therein), however this does not take into account additional impacts of degradation. Given this species' dependence on large, mature tracts of forest it is thought to be affected by habitat degradation as a result of mining, logging, fire (Legault et al. 2012) and perhaps introduced Rusa deer Rusa timorensis (Chartendrault and Barré 2005, 2006). Black rats occasionally prey on Horned Parakeet nests (Gula et al. 2010) which may be driving additional declines. Additionally, particularly wet (La Niña) years have been shown to reduce breeding success (J. Theuerkauf et al. in litt. 2011). Future declines are also expected based on future climate projections, with currently suitable habitat expected to decline in quality and become increasingly fragmented (Legault et al. 2013b).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
New Caledonia (to France)	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
New Caledonia (to France)	Aoupinié
New Caledonia (to France)	Boulinda
New Caledonia (to France)	Bwa Opana
New Caledonia (to France)	Entre les monts Nakada et Do
New Caledonia (to France)	Entre les monts Rembaï et Canala
New Caledonia (to France)	Entre Table Unio et Farino
New Caledonia (to France)	Forêt Plate
New Caledonia (to France)	Goro Até et haute vallée de la rivière Tchamba
New Caledonia (to France)	Goro Jé et haute vallée de la rivière Amoa
New Caledonia (to France)	Hautes vallées des rivières Néaoua, Koua et Kouaoua
New Caledonia (to France)	Massif des Lèvres
New Caledonia (to France)	Massif du Mé Kanin, Sphinx et Arago
New Caledonia (to France)	Massif du Panié
New Caledonia (to France)	Massifs du Grand Sud - entre le mont Humboldt et la rivière Bleue
New Caledonia (to France)	Mé Maoya
New Caledonia (to France)	Prokoméo

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Savanna	Moist	suitable	resident
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical Moist	suitable	resident
Altitude	0 - 1500 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Energy production & mining	Mining & quarrying	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus rattus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rusa timorensis	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Viral/prion-induced diseases - Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Unknown		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Natural system modifications	Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensity	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation

Purpose	Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture	national, international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Horned Parakeet Eunymphicus cornutus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/horned-parakeet-eunymphicus-cornutus on 08/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 08/12/2024.