Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2018 | Least Concern | |
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2010 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | does not normally occur in forest |
| Land-mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 64,800,000 km2 | |
| Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) | 126,000,000 km2 | |
| Severely fragmented? | no | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population size | unknown | poor | estimated | 2012 |
| Population trend | decreasing | - | suspected | - |
| Generation length | 13.4 years | - | - | - |
Population justification: The global population is estimated to number >2,000,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2015). The European population is estimated at 564,000-906,000 pairs, which equates to 1,130,000-1,810,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015). The population in Russia has been estimated at c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration (Brazil 2009).
Trend justification: The overall population trend is decreasing (Wetlands International 2015). In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 40.2 years (three generations) (BirdLife International 2015).
| Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Angola | extant | native | ||||
| Antarctica | extant | native | yes | |||
| Argentina | extant | native | ||||
| Australia | extant | native | ||||
| Austria | extant | native | yes | |||
| Belarus | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Belgium | extant | native | yes | |||
| Benin | extant | native | ||||
| Bermuda (to UK) | extant | native | ||||
| Bolivia | extant | native | ||||
| Bouvet Island (to Norway) | extant | uncertain | ||||
| Brazil | extant | native | ||||
| British Indian Ocean Territory | extant | native | ||||
| Bulgaria | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Cameroon | extant | native | ||||
| Canada | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Cape Verde | extant | native | ||||
| Central African Republic | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Chile | extant | native | ||||
| Colombia | extant | native | ||||
| Congo | extant | native | ||||
| Congo, The Democratic Republic of the | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Costa Rica | extant | native | yes | |||
| Côte d'Ivoire | extant | native | ||||
| Croatia | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Cuba | extant | native | ||||
| Cyprus | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Czechia | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Denmark | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Ecuador | extant | native | ||||
| Egypt | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Equatorial Guinea | extant | native | ||||
| Estonia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | extant | native | ||||
| Faroe Islands (to Denmark) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Finland | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| France | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| French Southern Territories | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Gabon | extant | native | ||||
| Gambia | extant | native | ||||
| Germany | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Ghana | extant | native | ||||
| Gibraltar (to UK) | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Greece | extant | native | ||||
| Greenland (to Denmark) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Guadeloupe (to France) | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Guatemala | extant | uncertain | ||||
| Guinea | extant | native | ||||
| Guinea-Bissau | extant | native | ||||
| Heard Island and McDonald Islands (to Australia) | extant | uncertain | ||||
| Hungary | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Iceland | extant | native | yes | |||
| India | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Indonesia | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Ireland | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Israel | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Italy | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Japan | extant | native | ||||
| Jordan | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Kuwait | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Latvia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Lesotho | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Liberia | extant | native | ||||
| Libya | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Lithuania | extant | native | yes | |||
| Luxembourg | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Marshall Islands | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Mauritania | extant | native | ||||
| Mexico | extant | native | ||||
| Montenegro | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Morocco | extant | native | ||||
| Mozambique | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Namibia | extant | native | ||||
| Netherlands | extant | native | yes | |||
| New Zealand | extant | native | ||||
| Nigeria | extant | native | ||||
| Norway | extant | native | yes | |||
| Oman | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Panama | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Paraguay | extant | native | ||||
| Peru | extant | native | ||||
| Poland | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Portugal | extant | native | ||||
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | extant | native | ||||
| Russia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia (Asian) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia (Central Asian) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia (European) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Senegal | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Serbia | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Sierra Leone | extant | native | ||||
| Slovakia | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Somalia | extant | native | ||||
| South Africa | extant | native | ||||
| South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands | extant | native | ||||
| Spain | extant | native | yes | |||
| St Helena (to UK) | extant | vagrant | ||||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Sudan | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Sweden | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Switzerland | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Togo | extant | native | ||||
| Türkiye | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Ukraine | extant | vagrant | ||||
| United Arab Emirates | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| United Kingdom | extant | native | yes | |||
| Uruguay | extant | vagrant | ||||
| USA | extant | native | yes | |||
| Virgin Islands (to USA) | extant | vagrant |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grassland | Tundra | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Pelagic | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Pelagic | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Tundra Wetlands (incl. pools and temporary waters from snowmelt) | suitable | breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 100 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological resource use | Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Future | Majority (50-90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Neovison vison | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Purpose | Scale |
|---|---|
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | international |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/arctic-tern-sterna-paradisaea on 23/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/11/2024.