• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	A2bcd+4bcd	A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd; C1+2a(ii)

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2018	Endangered	A2bcd+4bcd
2016	Endangered	A2bcd+4bcd
2013	Endangered	A2bcd+4bcd
2012	Endangered	A2bcd+4bcd
2008	Endangered	A2b,c,d; A4b,c,d
2004	Endangered
2000	Endangered
1996	Endangered
1994	Endangered
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	Medium
Land mass type	Land-mass type - continent	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	1,030,000	medium
Number of locations	11-100	-
Fragmentation		-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	4700	poor	estimated	2000
Population trend	Decreasing	medium	estimated	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)	30-49	-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)	50-79	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	2-100	-	-	-
Largest subpopulations		-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	12.3	-	-	-

Population justification: The population was estimated at 7,000 individuals in 1994. This is roughly equivalent to 4,700 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The species's population is estimated to be in very rapid decline, owing to habitat loss and degradation and levels of trapping and persecution. It suffered a dramatic population decline, judged at 90% between the mid-1970s and 1994. On the coast of Michoacán, Mexico, it has been calculated that the species occupies 45.6% of its estimated historic distribution (Monterrubio-Rico et al. 2007). Along the entire Pacific coast of Mexico its historical range has contracted by 79% (Monterrubio-Rico et al. 2010). The population at Punta de Manabique declined by 30% from 1994 to 2001 primarily because of nest poaching (Eisermann 2003, Eisermann in litt. 2007). However, in some areas the population may be less affected with roost numbers in Tamaulipas in 2013 being 80 ± 8.6 individuals, compared to <15 in 1992-1994, although nesting densities may be lower (Anon. 2013).

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Belize	N	Extant	Yes
Guatemala	N	Extant	Yes
Mexico	N	Extant	Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Belize	Belize Coastal and near shore islands
Belize	Crooked Tree and associated wetlands
Belize	Northeastern Belize
Guatemala	Guatemalan Caribbean Slope
Mexico	Acahuizotla-Agua del Obispo
Mexico	Biósfera Reserv mountain Fast
Mexico	Centro de Veracruz
Mexico	Chamela-Cuitzmala
Mexico	Coalcomán-Pómaro
Mexico	Humedal South of Tamaulipas and North Veracruz
Mexico	Humedales de Alvarado
Mexico	Island Marías
Mexico	Lagoon of Términos
Mexico	Mountain of Manantlán
Mexico	Prey Drawer of Rocks
Mexico	Prey Vicente Guerrero
Mexico	Quebradas de Sinaloa, Nayarit y Durango.
Mexico	Ranch The Colorado and influence area
Mexico	Selvas Naryaritas
Mexico	Sierra de Atoyac y Bosques de Niebla de la Costa Grande
Mexico	Swamps of Centla
Mexico	the sky
Mexico	The Tuxtlas
Mexico	Tlanchinol y bosques de montaña del noreste de Hidalgo
Mexico	Uxpanapa

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	marginal	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical Moist	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 500 m	Occasional altitudinal limits	(max) 1380 m

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines
		Stresses Species mortality
Residential & commercial development	Housing & urban areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent

---

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2019) Species factsheet: Amazona oratrix. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 17/01/2019. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2019) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 17/01/2019.