• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Sibley, C. G.; Monroe, B. L. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	C2a(ii)

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2016	Vulnerable	C2a(ii)
2012	Vulnerable	C2a(ii)
2008	Vulnerable	C1; C2a(ii)
2007	Vulnerable
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	Medium
Land mass type	Land-mass type - shelf island	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	232,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2)	1,640,000	medium
Number of locations	11-100	-
Fragmentation		-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	2500-9999	poor	estimated	2000
Population trend	Decreasing	poor	suspected	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)	10-19	-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)	10-19	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Largest subpopulations	100	-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	3.6	-	-	-

Population justification: The global population is roughly estimated to be in the band c.2,500-9,999 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2001). This equates to 3,750-14,999 individuals in total, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals. National population estimates include: < c.1,000 individuals on migration and < c.1,000 wintering individuals in China; c.50-1,000 individuals on migration and < c.50 wintering individuals in Taiwan and < c.100,000 breeding pairs and < c.1,000 individuals on migration in Japan (Brazil 2009).

Trend justification: A moderate and on-going population decline is suspected to be occurring, as the species has become scarcer on its breeding grounds in Japan. Declines are likely to be occurring owing to habitat degradation and loss through agricultural intensification, as well as trapping for the cage-bird trade.

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
China (mainland)	N	Extant				Yes
Hong Kong (China)	N	Extant				Yes
Japan	N	Extant	Yes
North Korea	N	Extant			Yes
Philippines	N	Extant			Yes
South Korea	N	Extant				Yes
Taiwan, China	N	Extant			Yes	Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
China (mainland)	Taohongling Sika Deer Nature Reserve
Hong Kong (China)	Inner Deep Bay and Shenzhen River catchment area
Philippines	Batanes Islands
Philippines	Kalbario-Patapat National Park
Philippines	Mount Pulag National Park
Philippines	Mount Sicapo-o
Philippines	Babuyanes Islands
Philippines	Batanes Islands Protected Landscape and Seascape
Taiwan, China	Dapingding and Hsutsuo Harbor
Japan	Mount Fuji
Japan	Mounts Asama, Shirane and Tanigawa
Japan	Mounts Azuma and Bandai
Japan	Mounts Zao and Funagata
Japan	Myoko, Togakushi highlands

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Pastureland	suitable	non-breeding
Forest	Temperate	major	non-breeding
Forest	Temperate	major	breeding
Shrubland	Temperate	suitable	non-breeding
Altitude	600 - 1500 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation
Pollution	Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Emberiza sulphurata. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/05/2020. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2020) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/05/2020.