• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(ii)

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Vulnerable	B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
2016	Vulnerable	B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)
2013	Vulnerable	B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)
2012	Vulnerable	B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)
2008	Vulnerable	B1a+b(i,ii,iii,v)
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1994	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1988	Near Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	9,900	medium
Area of Occupancy breeding/resident (km2)	8,372
Number of locations	6-10	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Value	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Number of mature individuals	6000-15000	poor	suspected	2000
Population trend	decreasing	poor	inferred	2013-2034
Decline % (10 years/3 generations future)	20-29	-	-	-
Decline % (10 years/3 generations past and future)	20-29	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage in largest subpopulation	100	-	-	-
Generation length (years)	6.9	-	-	-

Population justification: The population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band 10,000-19,999 individuals. This equates to 6,667-13,333 mature individuals, rounded here to 6,000-15,000 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The species is inferred to be declining. In the past, declines were considered to stem mainly from ongoing habitat loss and degradation, and trapping. In recent years however, logging rates have reduced as resident communities utilise more modern building materials, whilst trapping has simultaneously declined as climate change and unpredictability in occurrence render trapping methods increasingly ineffective (L. Gibson in litt. 2020). Declines are further caused by patterns of drought, which are increasing in severity as a result of climate change, exacerbating the shrinkage of the species's range; moreover, invasive species, namely rats and mongoose, are becoming increasingly prevalent throughout Amazona collaria's range, generating enhanced nest depredation and resultant population declines (Gibson 2020).
The rate of decline has not been assessed directly. Over the past three generations (20.7 years), tree cover within the range has been lost at a rate of 6% (Global Forest Watch 2021). Based on rates of tree cover loss between 2016 and 2020, this may increase to 7% over the next three generations (Global Forest Watch 2021). As the species is dependent on wet limestone forest (Collar and Boesman 2020), population declines may be exacerbated by the additional impact of habitat degradation. The impact of nest predation on the population size has not been quantified, but is described as the major driver of the population decline (Gibson 2020); as such it may account for an additional 10% decline over three generations. Accounting for further threats, including trapping for trade and the impact of droughts, the rate of overall population decline is tentatively placed in the band 20-29% over three generations.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Jamaica	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Jamaica	Cockpit Country
Jamaica	John Crow Mountains
Jamaica	Mount Diablo
Jamaica	Bluefields
Jamaica	Litchfield Mountain - Matheson's Run
Jamaica	Blue Mountains
Jamaica	Catadupa

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	suitable	non-breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level	suitable	non-breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	suitable	non-breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 1200 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Shifting agriculture	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Likely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Climate change & severe weather	Droughts	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Energy production & mining	Mining & quarrying	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Herpestes javanicus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Named species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Named species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Hybridisation

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			non-trivial	recent
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-			non-trivial	recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Amazona collaria. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/yellow-billed-amazon-amazona-collaria on 26/09/2023. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org on 26/09/2023.