Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Least Concern | |
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2014 | Least Concern | |
| 2013 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2006 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Not Recognised | |
| 2000 | Not Recognised | |
| 1994 | Not Recognised | |
| 1988 | Not Recognised |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type | Average mass | 25 g |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 37,800,000 | |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 101,000,000 | |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Fragmentation | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | 135000000-221000000 | poor | estimated | 2012 |
| Population trend | Stable | suspected | - | |
| Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Largest subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 4.2 | - | - | - |
Population justification: In Europe, the breeding population is estimated to number 16.9-27.6 million pairs, which equates to 33.9-55.2 million mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015). Europe forms c.25% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 135-221 million mature individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed.
Trend justification: In Europe, the population has been stable between 1980 and 2013 (EBCC 2015).
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Albania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Algeria | N | Extant | ||||
| Andorra | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Armenia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Australia | V | Extant | ||||
| Austria | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Azerbaijan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bahrain | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Bangladesh | N | Extant | ||||
| Belarus | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Belgium | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Benin | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bhutan | N | Extant | ||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Brunei | V | Extant | ||||
| Bulgaria | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Burkina Faso | N | Extant | ||||
| Burundi | V | Extant | ||||
| Cambodia | N | Extant | ||||
| Cameroon | N | Extant | ||||
| Canada | V | Extant | ||||
| Cape Verde | N | Extant | ||||
| Central African Republic | N | Extant | ||||
| Chad | N | Extant | ||||
| China (mainland) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Comoros | V | Extant | ||||
| Congo, The Democratic Republic of the | N | Extant | ||||
| Croatia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cyprus | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Czechia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Denmark | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Djibouti | N | Extant | ||||
| Egypt | N | Extant | ||||
| Eritrea | N | Extant | ||||
| Estonia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Ethiopia | N | Extant | ||||
| Faroe Islands (to Denmark) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Finland | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| France | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Gabon | V | Extant | ||||
| Gambia | N | Extant | ||||
| Georgia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Germany | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Ghana | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Gibraltar (to UK) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Greece | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Greenland (to Denmark) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Guam (to USA) | U | Extant | ||||
| Guinea | N | Extant | ||||
| Guinea-Bissau | N | Extant | ||||
| Hong Kong (China) | N | Extant | ||||
| Hungary | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Iceland | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| India | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Iraq | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Ireland | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Israel | N | Extant | ||||
| Italy | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Japan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Jordan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Kazakhstan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kenya | N | Extant | ||||
| Kuwait | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Kyrgyzstan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Laos | N | Extant | ||||
| Latvia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Lebanon | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Libya | N | Extant | ||||
| Liechtenstein | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Lithuania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Luxembourg | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Macao (China) | N | Extant | ||||
| Malaysia | N | Extant | ||||
| Mali | N | Extant | ||||
| Malta | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Mauritania | N | Extant | ||||
| Mexico | N | Extant | ||||
| Moldova | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Mongolia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Montenegro | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Morocco | N | Extant | ||||
| Myanmar | N | Extant | ||||
| Nepal | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Netherlands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Niger | N | Extant | ||||
| Nigeria | N | Extant | ||||
| North Korea | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| North Macedonia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | V | Extant | ||||
| Norway | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Oman | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Pakistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Palau | V | Extant | ||||
| Palestinian Authority Territories | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Philippines | N | Extant | ||||
| Poland | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Portugal | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Qatar | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Romania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (Asian) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (Central Asian) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (European) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Rwanda | U | Extant | ||||
| San Marino | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Saudi Arabia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Senegal | N | Extant | ||||
| Serbia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Seychelles | V | Extant | ||||
| Sierra Leone | N | Extant | ||||
| Singapore | N | Extant | ||||
| Slovakia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Slovenia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Somalia | N | Extant | ||||
| South Korea | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| South Sudan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Spain | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Sri Lanka | N | Extant | ||||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | V | Extant | ||||
| Sudan | N | Extant | ||||
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Sweden | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Switzerland | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Syria | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Taiwan, China | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Tajikistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Tanzania | V | Extant | ||||
| Thailand | N | Extant | ||||
| Togo | V | Extant | ||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | V | Extant | ||||
| Tunisia | N | Extant | ||||
| Turkey | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Turkmenistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Uganda | N | Extant | ||||
| Ukraine | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| United Arab Emirates | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| United Kingdom | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| USA | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Uzbekistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Vietnam | N | Extant | ||||
| Western Sahara | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Yemen | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Zambia | U | Extant | ||||
| Zimbabwe | U | Extant |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Pastureland | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Pastureland | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Rural Gardens | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Rural Gardens | suitable | non-breeding |
| Desert | Hot | suitable | breeding |
| Desert | Hot | suitable | non-breeding |
| Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | breeding |
| Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Rocky Shoreline | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Rocky Shoreline | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Tidepools | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Tidepools | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 5000 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change & severe weather | Other impacts | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food - human | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent | |
| Sport hunting/specimen collecting | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2021) Species factsheet: Motacilla alba. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 06/03/2021.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2021) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 06/03/2021.
