• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Climate Change maps
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
A2bcd+3bcd	A2bcd+3bcd	A2bcd+3bcd; C1

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2016	Critically Endangered	A2bcd+3bcd
2015	Critically Endangered	A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd
2012	Vulnerable	C1+2a(ii)
2008	Vulnerable	C2a(ii)
2007	Vulnerable
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	Does not normally occur in forest
Land mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	21,100,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2)	22,100,000	medium
Number of locations	11-100	-
Fragmentation		-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	2500-9999	medium	estimated	2015
Population trend	Decreasing	poor	estimated	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)	73-98	-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)		-	-	-
Number of subpopulations		-	-	-
Largest subpopulations	100	-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	15	-	-	-

Population justification: An old estimate of 7,000-12,500 mature individuals was extrapolated from a number of regional estimates. This equates to 10,500-18,750 individuals in total. However, a new estimate of the global population suggests the population is much smaller, consisting of just 5,500 individuals (Murn et al. 2016). This equates to just 3,685 mature individuals here placed in the band 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The species is thought to be declining at an extremely rapid rate. Ogada et al. (2016) estimate a median decline of 96% (range: 73-98%) over three generations (45 years). The species has shown severe declines throughout its West African range (F. Dowsett-Lemaire in litt. 2006, J.M. Thiollay in litt. 2006) and also across southern Africa (Ferguson-Lees et al. 2001).

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Angola	N	Extant			Yes
Benin	N	Extant	Yes
Botswana	N	Extant		Yes
Burkina Faso	N	Extant		Yes
Burundi	N	Extant			Yes
Cameroon	N	Extant	Yes
Central African Republic	N	Extant			Yes
Chad	N	Extant	Yes
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the	N	Extant		Yes
Côte d'Ivoire	N	Extant		Yes
Djibouti	N	Extant		Yes
Eritrea	N	Extant			Yes
Eswatini	N	Presence Uncertain		Yes
Ethiopia	N	Extant		Yes
Gabon	N	Extant			Yes
Gambia	N	Extant		Yes
Ghana	N	Extant		Yes
Guinea	N	Extant			Yes
Guinea-Bissau	N	Extant			Yes
Kenya	N	Extant		Yes
Malawi	N	Extant		Yes
Mali	N	Extant		Yes
Mauritania	N	Extant		Yes
Mozambique	N	Extant			Yes
Namibia	N	Extant		Yes
Niger	N	Extant		Yes
Nigeria	N	Presence Uncertain
Rwanda	N	Extant		Yes
Senegal	N	Extant		Yes
Somalia	N	Extant		Yes
South Africa	N	Extant		Yes
South Sudan	N	Extant	Yes
Sudan	N	Extant	Yes	Yes
Tanzania	N	Extant		Yes
Togo	N	Extant			Yes
Uganda	N	Extant		Yes
Zambia	N	Extant		Yes
Zimbabwe	N	Extant		Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
South Africa	Zululand
Burundi	Kigwena Forest Nature Reserve
South Africa	Phongolo Nature Reserve
Kenya	Ol Ari Nyiro
Kenya	Lolldaiga-Mugogodo-Ewaso N'yiro

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Pastureland	suitable	resident
Grassland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	suitable	resident
Savanna	Dry	suitable	resident
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	suitable	resident
Altitude	0 - 4000 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Unintentional effects (species is not the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Human intrusions & disturbance	Work & other activities	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Pollution	Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-		International	Non-trivial	Recent

---

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Trigonoceps occipitalis. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 02/07/2020. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2020) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 02/07/2020.