• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Climate Change maps
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	A2acde+3cde+4acde

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2018	Vulnerable	A2acde+3cde+4acde
2016	Vulnerable	A2acde+3cde; C1+2a(ii)
2013	Vulnerable	A2acde+3cde+4acde;C1+2a(ii)
2012	Vulnerable	A2acde+3cde+4acde;C1+2a(ii)
2008	Vulnerable	A2a,c,d,e; A3c,d,e; A4a,c,d,e; C1; C2a(ii)
2006	Vulnerable
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	Does not normally occur in forest
Land mass type	Land-mass type - continent	Average mass	8159 g

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	7,270,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2)	2,380,000	medium
Number of locations	11-100	-
Fragmentation		-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	6000-6300	medium	estimated	2007
Population trend	Decreasing	medium	estimated	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)	30-49	-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)	30-49	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	3	-	-	-
Largest subpopulations	1-89	-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	13	-	-	-

Population justification: Its present world population has been variously estimated at 7,700 individuals (Pittman 2007) or fewer (Morrison and van der Spuy 2006, Motsumi et al. 2007), fewer than 8,000 individuals (Beilfuss et al. 2007) and 6,000-8,000 individuals (Beilfuss et al. 2003). More recent estimates though suggest that the population is currently >9,100, placed in the range 9,000-10,000. This increase though may not be a true increase in the population and further research to better understand the movements between the key flood plains in south-central Africa and the seasonal movements whereby cranes come together in large flocks in the drier season needs to be explored further (Morrison in press). This estimate roughly equates to 6,000-6,300 mature individuals.

Trend justification: When estimates from the 1980s are compared with those from 2006, the species is judged to have declined significantly (Morrison and van der Spuy 2006), indicating declines in the last three generations. The comparison of 2002 estimates with those from 1993 suggests marked declines in Mozambique, Zambia and possibly Botswana (Hancock et al. 2003). The total population was recently stated to be in decline in nine range states (Beilfuss et al. 2007). The overall rate of decline is estimated to be rapid.

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Angola	N	Extant	Yes
Botswana	N	Extant	Yes
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the	N	Extant	Yes
Eswatini	N	Extinct		Yes
Ethiopia	N	Extant	Yes
Guinea-Bissau	V	Extant			Yes
Lesotho	V	Extant			Yes
Malawi	N	Extant	Yes
Mozambique	N	Extant	Yes
Namibia	N	Extant	Yes
South Africa	N	Extant	Yes
Tanzania	N	Extant	Yes
Zambia	N	Extant	Yes
Zimbabwe	N	Extant	Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Angola	Cuelei
Angola	Luando Strict Nature Reserve
Angola	Mombolo (Missão da Namba)
Angola	Mupa National Park
Botswana	Linyanti swamp/Chobe river
Botswana	Okavango Delta
Botswana	Makgadikgadi Pans
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the	Upemba National Park
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the	Kundelungu National Park
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the	Lufira valley
Ethiopia	Fogera plains
Ethiopia	Bahir Dar - Lake Tana
Ethiopia	Finchaa and Chomen swamps
Ethiopia	Berga floodplain
Ethiopia	Akaki - Aba-Samuel wetlands
Ethiopia	Dilu Meda (Tefki)
Ethiopia	Koffe swamp
Ethiopia	Abijatta - Shalla Lakes National Park
Ethiopia	Boyo wetland
Ethiopia	Bale Mountains National Park
Malawi	Kasungu National Park
Mozambique	Zambezi River Delta
Namibia	Eastern Caprivi wetlands
Namibia	Mahango Game Reserve and Kavango river
Namibia	Tsumkwe pan system
Tanzania	Moyowosi - Kigosi Game Reserves
Tanzania	Ugalla River Game Reserve
Tanzania	Usangu flats
South Africa	Steenkampsberg
South Africa	Chrissie Pans
South Africa	Grasslands
South Africa	Maloti Drakensberg Park
South Africa	Umvoti Vlei
South Africa	Hlatikulu
South Africa	Karkloof Nature Reserve
South Africa	Umgeni Vlei Nature Reserve
South Africa	KwaZulu-Natal Mistbelt Grasslands
South Africa	Franklin Vlei
Zambia	West Lunga National Park and Lukwakwa Game Management Area
Zambia	Liuwa Plain National Park
Zambia	Barotse Floodplains
Zambia	Machile
Zambia	Kafue Flats
Zambia	Kafue National Park
Zambia	Lukanga Swamp
Zambia	Nyika National Park (Zambia)
Zimbabwe	Nyanga mountains
Zimbabwe	Stapleford Forest
Zimbabwe	Wabai Hill (Debshan Ranch)
Zimbabwe	Driefontein grasslands
Zambia	Bangweulu Swamps
Zambia	Kalungwishi
Zambia	Kasanka National Park
Zambia	Simungoma
Zambia	Minyanya Plain
Zambia	Sumbu National Park and Tondwa Game Management Area
Zambia	Lusenga Plain National Park
Zambia	Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage
Zambia	Sioma Ngwezi National Park
South Africa	Ntsikeni Wetland reserve
Malawi	Nyika National Park (Malawi)
South Africa	Penny Park

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Aquatic & Marine	Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over 8ha)	marginal	resident
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	suitable	resident
Artificial/Terrestrial	Pastureland	suitable	non-breeding
Grassland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	suitable	non-breeding
Grassland	Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude	suitable	breeding
Grassland	Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded	major	breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)	major	resident
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)	major	resident
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Inland Deltas	suitable	breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)	major	breeding
Altitude	2000 - 4140 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Gathering terrestrial plants - Unintentional effects (species is not the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Droughts	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Likely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Energy production & mining	Mining & quarrying	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Energy production & mining	Renewable energy	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 3
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Human intrusions & disturbance	War, civil unrest & military exercises	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation
Human intrusions & disturbance	Work & other activities	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species disturbance
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Mimosa pigra	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Natural system modifications	Dams & water management/use - Abstraction of surface water (unknown use)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Natural system modifications	Dams & water management/use - Dams (size unknown)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Natural system modifications	Fire & fire suppression - Trend Unknown/Unrecorded	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Natural system modifications	Other ecosystem modifications	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Pollution	Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Transportation & service corridors	Utility & service lines	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-		International	Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Bugeranus carunculatus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 31/10/2020. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2020) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 31/10/2020.