Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | - | A2ace+3ce+4ace |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2021 | Vulnerable | A2ace+3ce+4ace |
2018 | Vulnerable | A2ace+3ce+4ace |
2016 | Least Concern | |
2013 | Least Concern | |
2012 | Least Concern | |
2009 | Least Concern | |
2008 | Least Concern | |
2004 | Least Concern | |
2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Migratory status | nomadic | Forest dependency | low |
Land-mass type | Average mass | - |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 52,700,000 km2 | |
Severely fragmented? | no | - |
Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Population size | 100000-499999 mature individuals | medium | suspected | 2018 |
Population trend | decreasing | - | inferred | 1980-2030 |
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 30-49% | - | - | - |
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 30-49% | - | - | - |
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 30-49% | - | - | - |
Generation length | 13.69 years | - | - | - |
Population justification:
African Raptor DataBank data suggests that given available habitat, of varying suitability, there could be a population size of 73,860 pairs in Africa. Ferguson-Lees and Christie (2001) estimated a global population of 100,000-999,999 individuals, with the population in South Asia estimated at between 10,000-99,999 individuals. Therefore, the overall population size is placed here in the range 100,000-499,999 mature individuals.
Trend justification: Declines have been reported from northern, western and southern Africa (Global Raptors Information Network 2015). The Red Data Book of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland assessed the rate of decline as >60% over the past 50 years (Taylor 2015), and in Namibia the decline has been estimated at 63% over 30 years (Simmons 2015) (roughly equating to a decline of 74% over 3 generations [41.07 years]). In Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger the population outside protected areas decreased by over 87% between 1969-1973 and 2000-2004 (Thiollay 2006), equating to a decline of c.93% over three generations. In the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya, the population decreased by 28% between 1976-1988 and 2003-2005 (Virani et al. 2011), roughly equivalent to 46% over 3 generations. The population is also thought to have plummeted in south Morocco to the extent that it is considered near to extinction there, but a breeding population possibly remains in Algeria (J. R. Garrido in litt. 2018). Such rapid declines are not seen across the entirety of its African range though, with increases seen in Botswana (Garbett et al. 2018, G. Maude in litt. 2018), and this species does remain the most common eagle in Ethiopia (E. Buechley in litt. 2018). The frequency of reports of Tawny Eagle sightings in India on eBird declined by c.75% during 2000-2018, suggesting that the population may also be declining in this part of the range (SoIB 2020). With steep declines recorded in many areas, but possible increases in others, the global population is suspected to be declining at a rate of 30-49% over three generations.
Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algeria | extant | native | yes | |||
Angola | extant | native | yes | |||
Bangladesh | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
Benin | extant | native | yes | |||
Botswana | extant | native | yes | |||
Burkina Faso | extant | native | yes | |||
Burundi | extant | native | yes | |||
Cameroon | extant | native | yes | |||
Central African Republic | extant | native | yes | |||
Chad | extant | native | yes | |||
Congo | extant | native | yes | |||
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the | extant | native | yes | |||
Côte d'Ivoire | extant | native | yes | |||
Djibouti | extant | native | yes | |||
Egypt | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
Eritrea | extant | native | yes | |||
Eswatini | extant | native | yes | |||
Ethiopia | extant | native | yes | |||
Gabon | extant | native | yes | |||
Gambia | extant | native | yes | |||
Ghana | extant | native | yes | |||
Gibraltar (to UK) | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
Guinea | extant | native | yes | |||
Guinea-Bissau | extant | native | yes | |||
India | extant | native | yes | |||
Iran, Islamic Republic of | extant | native | yes | |||
Israel | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
Italy | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
Kenya | extant | native | yes | |||
Lesotho | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
Liberia | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
Malawi | extant | native | yes | |||
Mali | extant | native | yes | |||
Mauritania | extant | native | yes | |||
Morocco | extant | native | yes | |||
Mozambique | extant | native | yes | |||
Myanmar | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
Namibia | extant | native | yes | |||
Nepal | extant | native | yes | |||
Niger | extant | native | yes | |||
Nigeria | extant | native | yes | |||
Oman | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
Pakistan | extant | native | yes | |||
Rwanda | extant | native | yes | |||
Saudi Arabia | extant | native | yes | |||
Senegal | extant | native | yes | |||
Sierra Leone | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
Somalia | extant | native | yes | |||
South Africa | extant | native | yes | |||
South Sudan | extant | native | yes | |||
Sudan | extant | native | yes | |||
Tanzania | extant | native | yes | |||
Thailand | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
Togo | extant | native | yes | |||
Tunisia | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
Uganda | extant | native | yes | |||
Vietnam | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
Yemen | extant | native | yes | |||
Zambia | extant | native | yes | |||
Zimbabwe | extant | native | yes |
Country/Territory | IBA Name |
---|---|
Kenya | Kirisia Forest |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | resident |
Artificial/Terrestrial | Pastureland | suitable | resident |
Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | resident |
Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane | suitable | resident |
Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | resident |
Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude | suitable | resident |
Savanna | Dry | major | resident |
Shrubland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | major | resident |
Altitude | 0 - 3000 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Agriculture & aquaculture | Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Unintentional effects (species is not the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Climate change & severe weather | Droughts | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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Other options | Other threat | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Residential & commercial development | Housing & urban areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Transportation & service corridors | Roads & railroads | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Transportation & service corridors | Utility & service lines | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food - human | - | - | non-trivial | recent | ||
Medicine - human & veterinary | - | - | non-trivial | recent | ||
Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | international | non-trivial | recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Aquila rapax. Downloaded from
http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/tawny-eagle-aquila-rapax on 07/12/2023.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://datazone.birdlife.org on 07/12/2023.