Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | C2a(i) |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2022 | Vulnerable | C2a(i) |
| 2016 | Vulnerable | A2cd+3cd+4cd |
| 2012 | Vulnerable | A2cd+3cd+4cd |
| 2008 | Vulnerable | A2c,d; A3c,d; A4c,d |
| 2004 | Vulnerable | |
| 2000 | Vulnerable | |
| 1996 | Vulnerable | |
| 1994 | Vulnerable | |
| 1988 | Near Threatened |
| Migratory status | not a migrant | Forest dependency | high |
| Land mass type |
land-mass type - shelf island |
Average mass | 289 g |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 603,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Severely Fragmented | - |
| Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | 1200-3200, 2000-3200 | poor | estimated | 2022 |
| Population trend | decreasing | poor | inferred | - |
| Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | 10-19 | - | - | - |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | 10-19 | - | - | - |
| Number of subpopulations | 3 | - | - | - |
| Percentage in largest subpopulation | 1-89 | - | - | - |
| Generation length (yrs) | 6.17 | - | - | - |
Population justification: Estimated the population size of this species is extremely difficult owing to the paucity of records, despite increasingly good coverage of its range. Contemporary records are from three main islands: Luzon, Mindoro and Mindanao, with no recent records from Sibuyan and Siquijor (eBird 2022). For a long time, thought to be extirpated on Mindoro (Collar et al. 1999) but recent records of up to 25 individuals suggest the island does continue to support a small viable population, although the area of suitable forest and the number of observations suggest it is unlikely to be more than c.200 mature individuals. On Luzon and Mindanao, there are many recent records but these are temporally variable and the species appears to move widely in search of food such that the total number of individuals is estimated to be small. Based on the number of birds sighted in any block of forest (eBird 2022), the number of mature individuals on each of Luzon and Mindanao is estimated at 500-1,500, although this requires confirmation by specific surveys.
Trend justification: Forest loss and hunting has caused this species to be extirpated from area it formerly occupied (e.g. Siquijor and Negros). Both of these threats are ongoing. Forest cover loss in this species' range in the three generations to 2022 totalled c.10% (Global Forest Watch 2022, based on data from Hansen et al. [2013] and methods disclosed therein) and this is likely to be the minimum population reduction because of additive hunting pressures. The ongoing rate of decline is therefore suspected to be 10-19% over three generations (c.18.5 years; Bird et al. 2020).
| Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Philippines | extant | native | yes |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland | major | resident |
| Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane | major | resident |
| Altitude | 0 - 2400 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Shifting agriculture | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Wood & pulp plantations - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food - human | - | - | non-trivial | recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Ducula carola. Downloaded from
http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/spotted-imperial-pigeon-ducula-carola on 02/06/2023.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://datazone.birdlife.org on 02/06/2023.
