• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)	B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v); C2a(ii)

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Endangered	B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)
2018	Endangered	B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v); C2a(ii)
2016	Endangered	B1ab(ii,v); C2a(ii)
2012	Endangered	B1ab(ii,v);C2a(ii)
2011	Endangered	B1ab(ii,v);C2a(ii)
2008	Vulnerable	D1
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	High
Land mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	412	medium
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	480
Number of locations	1	-
Severely Fragmented		-

	Value	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	2600-3700	poor	estimated	2015
Population trend	Decreasing	poor	inferred	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)		-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage in largest subpopulation	100	-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	4.2	-	-	-

Population justification: Based on transect surveys and distribution modelling, the population size has been estimated at 3,893 - 5,497 individuals (Cavalho 2015), which equates to approximately 2,600 - 3,700 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The population is inferred to be declining owing to hunting pressure. The species is large and tame and a prime target for hunters, and has disappeared or become scarce in easily accessible areas (Carvalho, 2015). 

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
São Tomé e Príncipe	N	Extant	Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
São Tomé e Príncipe	São Tomé lowland forests
São Tomé e Príncipe	São Tomé montane and cloud-forests
São Tomé e Príncipe	Parque Natural Obô de São Tomé e Zona Tampão

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 2024 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation
Residential & commercial development	Commercial & industrial areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Minority (<50%)		No decline		Low Impact: 3
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Transportation & service corridors	Roads & railroads	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Columba thomensis. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 02/04/2023. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 02/04/2023.