• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: #http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm#.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2019	Least Concern
2016	Least Concern
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	Does not normally occur in forest
Land mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	177,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2)	399,000,000	medium
Number of locations		-
Fragmentation		-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	300000-500000	poor	estimated	2009
Population trend	Decreasing		suspected	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)		-	-	-
Number of subpopulations		-	-	-
Largest subpopulations		-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	7.3	-	-	-

Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c.460,000-730,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2015). This roughly equates to 300,000-500,000 mature individuals. National population estimates include: c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in China; c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration and c.50-10,000 wintering individuals in Taiwan, China; c.50-10,000 individuals on migration in Korea; c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in Japan and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009). The European population is estimated at 35,900-77,100 pairs, which equates to 71,800-154,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).

Trend justification: The overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2015). In North America, the population has been undergoing a slow or non-significant decline over the last four decades (based on Partners in Flight; A. Panjabi in litt. 2017), while in Europe the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% over three generations (BirdLife International 2015).

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Afghanistan	N	Extant				Yes
Albania	N	Extant
Algeria	N	Extant
American Samoa	N	Extant
Angola	N	Extant
Anguilla (to UK)	N	Extant
Antigua and Barbuda	N	Extant
Argentina	N	Extant
Armenia	N	Extant
Aruba (to Netherlands)	N	Extant
Australia	N	Extant
Austria	N	Extant
Azerbaijan	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Bahamas	N	Extant
Bahrain	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Bangladesh	N	Extant
Barbados	N	Extant
Belarus	V	Extant
Belgium	N	Extant			Yes
Belize	N	Extant			Yes
Benin	N	Extant
Bermuda (to UK)	N	Extant
Bolivia	N	Extant
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (to Netherlands)	N	Extant			Yes
Botswana	N	Extant
Brazil	N	Extant
British Indian Ocean Territory	N	Extant
Brunei	N	Extant
Bulgaria	N	Extant			Yes
Burkina Faso	N	Extant
Burundi	N	Extant
Cambodia	N	Extant
Cameroon	N	Extant
Canada	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Cape Verde	N	Extant
Cayman Islands (to UK)	N	Extant
Chad	N	Extant
Chile	N	Extant
China (mainland)	N	Extant
Christmas Island (to Australia)	N	Extant
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (to Australia)	N	Extant
Colombia	N	Extant
Comoros	N	Extant
Congo	N	Extant
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the	N	Extant
Cook Islands	N	Extant
Costa Rica	N	Extant			Yes
Côte d'Ivoire	N	Extant
Croatia	N	Extant
Cuba	N	Extant
Curaçao (to Netherlands)	N	Extant			Yes
Cyprus	N	Extant			Yes
Czechia	N	Extant
Denmark	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
Djibouti	N	Extant
Dominica	N	Extant
Dominican Republic	N	Extant
Ecuador	N	Extant
Egypt	N	Extant
El Salvador	N	Extant
Equatorial Guinea	N	Extant
Eritrea	N	Extant
Estonia	N	Extant	Yes
Eswatini	V	Extant
Ethiopia	N	Extant
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	N	Extant
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	N	Extant			Yes
Fiji	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Finland	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
France	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
French Guiana	N	Extant
French Polynesia	N	Extant
French Southern Territories	N	Extant
Gabon	N	Extant
Gambia	N	Extant
Georgia	N	Extant
Germany	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
Ghana	N	Extant
Gibraltar (to UK)	N	Extant			Yes
Greece	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Greenland (to Denmark)	N	Extant		Yes
Grenada	N	Extant
Guadeloupe (to France)	N	Extant			Yes
Guam (to USA)	N	Extant			Yes
Guatemala	N	Extant
Guinea	N	Extant
Guinea-Bissau	N	Extant
Guyana	N	Extant
Haiti	N	Extant
Honduras	N	Extant
Hong Kong (China)	N	Extant
Hungary	N	Extant
Iceland	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
India	N	Extant
Indonesia	N	Extant
Iran, Islamic Republic of	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Iraq	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Ireland	N	Extant			Yes
Israel	N	Extant
Italy	N	Extant			Yes
Jamaica	N	Extant			Yes
Japan	N	Extant
Jordan	N	Extant				Yes
Kazakhstan	N	Extant
Kenya	N	Extant
Kiribati	N	Extant
Kuwait	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Kyrgyzstan	N	Extant
Latvia	N	Extant			Yes
Lebanon	N	Extant				Yes
Lesotho	V	Extant
Liberia	N	Extant
Libya	N	Extant
Liechtenstein	V	Extant
Lithuania	N	Extant
Luxembourg	V	Extant
Madagascar	N	Extant
Malawi	N	Extant
Malaysia	N	Extant
Maldives	N	Extant
Mali	N	Extant
Malta	N	Extant
Marshall Islands	N	Extant			Yes
Martinique (to France)	N	Extant
Mauritania	N	Extant
Mauritius	N	Extant
Mayotte (to France)	N	Extant
Mexico	N	Extant
Micronesia, Federated States of	N	Extant			Yes
Mongolia	N	Extant
Montenegro	N	Extant
Montserrat (to UK)	N	Extant
Morocco	N	Extant
Mozambique	N	Extant
Myanmar	N	Extant
Namibia	N	Extant
Nauru	N	Extant
Nepal	N	Extant
Netherlands	N	Extant			Yes
New Caledonia (to France)	N	Extant
New Zealand	N	Extant
Nicaragua	N	Extant
Niger	N	Extant
Nigeria	N	Extant
Niue (to New Zealand)	N	Extant
Norfolk Island (to Australia)	N	Extant
North Korea	N	Extant
North Macedonia	N	Extant			Yes
Northern Mariana Islands (to USA)	N	Extant			Yes
Norway	N	Extant		Yes
Oman	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Pakistan	N	Extant
Palau	N	Extant			Yes
Palestinian Authority Territories	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Panama	N	Extant
Papua New Guinea	N	Extant
Paraguay	V	Extant
Peru	N	Extant
Philippines	N	Extant
Poland	N	Extant
Portugal	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Puerto Rico (to USA)	N	Extant
Qatar	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Réunion (to France)	N	Extant
Romania	N	Extant
Russia	N	Extant		Yes
Russia (Asian)	N	Extant		Yes
Russia (Central Asian)	N	Extant		Yes
Russia (European)	N	Extant		Yes
Rwanda	V	Extant
Samoa	N	Extant
São Tomé e Príncipe	N	Extant
Saudi Arabia	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Senegal	N	Extant
Serbia	N	Extant
Seychelles	N	Extant
Sierra Leone	N	Extant
Singapore	N	Extant
Sint Maarten (to Netherlands)	N	Extant			Yes
Slovakia	N	Extant
Slovenia	V	Extant
Solomon Islands	N	Extant
Somalia	N	Extant
South Africa	N	Extant
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	N	Extant
South Korea	N	Extant
South Sudan	N	Extant			Yes
Spain	N	Extant			Yes
Sri Lanka	N	Extant
St Barthelemy (to France)	N	Extant
St Helena (to UK)	N	Extant
St Kitts and Nevis	N	Extant
St Lucia	N	Extant
St Martin (to France)	N	Extant			Yes
St Pierre and Miquelon (to France)	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
St Vincent and the Grenadines	N	Extant
Sudan	N	Extant
Suriname	N	Extant
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	N	Extant		Yes
Sweden	N	Extant		Yes
Switzerland	N	Extant
Taiwan, China	N	Extant
Tajikistan	N	Extant
Tanzania	N	Extant
Thailand	N	Extant
Timor-Leste	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Togo	N	Extant
Tokelau (to New Zealand)	N	Extant
Tonga	N	Extant
Trinidad and Tobago	N	Extant
Tunisia	N	Extant			Yes
Turkey	N	Extant			Yes
Turkmenistan	N	Extant
Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK)	N	Extant
Tuvalu	N	Extant
Uganda	N	Extant
Ukraine	N	Extant				Yes
United Arab Emirates	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
United Kingdom	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA)	N	Extant			Yes
Uruguay	N	Extant			Yes
USA	N	Extant		Yes
Uzbekistan	N	Extant
Vanuatu	N	Extant
Venezuela	N	Extant
Vietnam	N	Extant
Virgin Islands (to UK)	N	Extant			Yes
Virgin Islands (to USA)	N	Extant			Yes
Western Sahara	N	Extant
Yemen	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Zambia	N	Extant
Zimbabwe	N	Extant

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Canada	Foxe Basin Islands
Costa Rica	Nicoya Gulf mangroves and coastal areas
Costa Rica	Sierpe Wetlands and Osa Peninsula
France	Anse du Fiers d'Ars en Ré
France	Baie de Goulven
France	Baie de Quiberon
France	Baies de Morlaix et de Carantec
France	Traicts et marais salants de la Presqu'île Guérandaise
French Guiana	Ile de Cayenne
French Guiana	Littoral
French Guiana	Littoral Kourou
French Guiana	Littoral Macouria
French Guiana	Littoral Sinnamary
French Guiana	Plaine Kaw et Pointe Béhague
Gambia	Tanji River (Karinti) Bird Reserve
Germany	Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park
Germany	Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park (includes the Halligs, Kniepsand/Amrum, Lister Koog, Rantumbecken, Rickelsb
Guinea-Bissau	Arquipélago dos Bijagós
Guinea-Bissau	Ilha de Bolama - Rio Grande de Buba
Guinea-Bissau	Rio Mansôa and Gêba estuary
Guinea-Bissau	Rio Tombali, Rio Cumbijã and Ilha de Melo
Iceland	Alftanes-Akrar
Iceland	Melrakkaslétta
Iceland	Skerjafjördur
Iceland	Stafnes-Gardur
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Miankaleh Peninsula and Gorgan Bay
Iran, Islamic Republic of	South Caspian shore, from Astara to Gomishan
Japan	Awase tidal flat
Japan	Ikawazu tidal flat
Japan	Inner Tokyo bay
Japan	Lake Furen, On-netou
Japan	Notsuke, Odaitou
Japan	Shiokawa tidal flat
Japan	Yaeyama islands
Malaysia	Sadong-Saribas coast
Mauritania	Banc d'Arguin National Park
Mauritania	Cap Blanc
Mexico	Estero Cardonal
Mexico	Humedales Costeros del Norte de la Península de Yucatán
Mexico	Laguna de Términos
Mexico	Ría Lagartos
Morocco	Dakhla area
Morocco	Région Jorf Lasfar
Namibia	30-Kilometre Beach: Walvis - Swakopmund
Namibia	Sandwich Harbour
Namibia	Walvis Bay
Netherlands	Balgzand
Netherlands	Oosterschelde
Netherlands	Wadden Sea
Norway	Slettnes
Norway	Varanger Peninsula
Oman	Barr al Hikman
Oman	Masirah island
Palau	Northern Peleliu Lkes (sandflats)
Portugal	Ria Formosa (Faro lagoon)
Puerto Rico (to USA)	Jobos Bay
Puerto Rico (to USA)	Suroeste
Saudi Arabia	Farasan Islands
Saudi Arabia	Jiddah south corniche and port
Saudi Arabia	Jizan Bay
Saudi Arabia	Sabkhat al-Fasl lagoons
Saudi Arabia	Tarut Bay
Senegal	Delta du Saloum
Senegal	Joal-Fadiouth
Seychelles	Aldabra Special Reserve
Seychelles	Cosmoledo
South Africa	Dassen Island
South Africa	Swartkops Estuary - Redhouse and Chatty Saltpans
South Africa	West Coast National Park and Saldanha Bay islands
South Korea	Dongjin estuary
South Korea	Mangyeong estuary
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Bjørnøya (Bear Island)
Sweden	Archipelago of Stockholm
Sweden	Coastal area of Eastern Gotland
Sweden	Holmöarna Archipelago
Tunisia	Îles Kneiss
Ukraine	Syvash Bay
United Kingdom	East Sanday
United Kingdom	Firth of Forth
United Kingdom	Guernsey Shoreline
United Kingdom	Isles of Scilly
United Kingdom	Jersey Shoreline
United Kingdom	Mid-Essex Coast
United Kingdom	Morecambe Bay
United Kingdom	North Norfolk Coast
United Kingdom	Northumbria Coast
United Kingdom	Outer Ards
United Kingdom	Rosehearty to Fraserburgh Coast
United Kingdom	South Down Coast
United Kingdom	South Uist Machair and Lochs
United Kingdom	Stour and Orwell Estuaries
United Kingdom	Thanet Coast and Sandwich Bay
United Kingdom	The Wash
United Kingdom	The Wash
United Kingdom	Tiree and Coll
United Kingdom	Uists Machairs, Lochs and Coast
USA	Delaware Bayshore Region
USA	Delaware Coastal Zone
USA	Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Grassland	Tundra	major	breeding
Marine Intertidal	Mud Flats and Salt Flats	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Intertidal	Rocky Shoreline	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Intertidal	Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses)	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Intertidal	Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Intertidal	Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Intertidal	Tidepools	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Coral Reef - Back Slope	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Coral Reef - Foreslope (Outer Reef Slope)	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Coral Reef - Inter-Reef Rubble Substrate	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Coral Reef - Inter-Reef Soft Substrate	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Coral Reef - Lagoon	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Coral Reef - Outer Reef Channel	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Estuaries	suitable	non-breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands	suitable	breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)	suitable	non-breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)	suitable	non-breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)	suitable	non-breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Tundra Wetlands (incl. pools and temporary waters from snowmelt)	major	breeding
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Neovison vison	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Viral/prion-induced diseases - Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1 subtype)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		No/Negligible Impact: 2
		Stresses Species mortality

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-		International	Non-trivial	Recent
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Arenaria interpres. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 29/01/2020. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2020) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 29/01/2020.