Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | - | A3cd+4cd |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2020 | Vulnerable | A3cd+4cd |
2018 | Vulnerable | A3cd+4cd |
2016 | Near Threatened | A2c+3c+4c |
2012 | Near Threatened | A2c+3c+4c |
2008 | Near Threatened | A2c; A3c; A4c |
2004 | Near Threatened | |
2000 | Lower Risk/Near Threatened | |
1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Migratory status | not a migrant | Forest dependency | High |
Land mass type |
Land-mass type - continent Land-mass type - shelf island |
Average mass | - |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 3,370,000 | medium |
Number of locations | - | |
Severely Fragmented | - |
Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of mature individuals | unknown | not applicable | not applicable | 0 |
Population trend | Decreasing | poor | inferred | - |
Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | 35-40 | - | - | - |
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | 35-40 | - | - | - |
Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
Percentage in largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
Generation length (yrs) | 14 | - | - | - |
Population justification: The population size of this species has not been quantified. The species is widespread throughout its range, but occurs at low densities, even in suitable habitat (Poonswad et al. 2013).
In Peninsular Malaysia, Sungai Tekam Forestry Concession (Pahang State) population density was found to be 1.6 groups/km2 in primary forest and 2.3, 1.8, 1.2, 0.4 groups/km2 in 0-6 month, 1-2 year, 3-4, 5-6-year-old logged forest respectively (Johns 1987). In Kuala Lompat (Krau Wildlife Reserve) the population density was 2 individuals/km2 (Medway & Wells 1971). In Sarawak, Upper Baram and Batang Ai National Park had population densities of 0.27 individuals/km2 (Chin & Jantan 2001) and 0.96 individuals/km2 (Meredith 1995) respectively. In Sabah, Crocker Range Park and Tawau Hills Park had population densities of 0.94 individuals/km2 and 5.67 individuals/km2 respectively (Lakim & Biun 2005).
Trend justification: An analysis of deforestation between 2000 and 2012 estimated forest loss within the species's range at a rate equivalent to 35% over three generation lengths (42 years) (Tracewski et al. 2016). Being largely restricted to primary forests and intolerant of habitat conversion, the species is additionally threatened by hunting. Thus, its actual rate of population decline is likely greater than the estimate decline based on forest loss alone, possibly exceeding 35% over three generations. The rate of decline is therefore placed in the band 35-40% over three generations. Since this species has a long generation length, with three generations stretching over 42 years, there is insufficient evidence to calculate the magnitude of reduction over the past three generations. Assuming the recent rate of decline remains constant, the species is projected to decline by 35-40% over the next three generations.
Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brunei | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Indonesia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Malaysia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Singapore | N | Extinct | Yes | |||
Thailand | N | Extant | Yes |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland | major | resident |
Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane | marginal | resident |
Altitude | 0 - 1750 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Agriculture & aquaculture | Wood & pulp plantations - Agro-industry plantations | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Unintentional effects (species is not the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food - human | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
Handicrafts, jewellery, etc. | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2022) Species factsheet: Buceros rhinoceros. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 04/07/2022.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2022) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 04/07/2022.