• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2016	Near Threatened	A2b+3b+4b
2015	Near Threatened	A2b+3b+4b
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land mass type		Average mass	61 g

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	18,300,000
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2)	13,300,000
Number of locations		-
Severely Fragmented		-

	Value	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals		poor	estimated	2012
Population trend	decreasing		suspected	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)	20-29	-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)	20-29	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations		-	-	-
Percentage in largest subpopulation		-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	5.2	-	-	-

Population justification: The European population is estimated at 13,200,000-20,100,000 pairs, which equates to 26,300,000-40,300,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).  Europe forms c. 40% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 98,000,000-151,000,000 individuals although further validation of this estimate is needed.

Trend justification: In Europe the population size is estimated to be decreasing at a rate approaching 30% in 15.6 years (three generations) (BirdLife International 2015) this is supported by data from the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (EBCC/RSPB/BirdLife/Statistics Netherlands, P. Vorisek in litt. 2008) which shows that in Europe the populations has undergone a moderate decline (p<0.01) since 1980.  However only around 40% of the species's range falls within Europe, with the global population trend dependent on trends in Asian Russia.  In European Russia, the population has declined by >20% since 2000 and by >30% since 1980 (BirdLife International 2015).  It therefore seems likely that the Asian Russian population has experienced at least some decline.  The overall population is therefore suspected to be declining at a rate approaching 30%.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Afghanistan	extant	native			yes
Albania	extant	native
Algeria	extant	native
Austria	extant	native			yes
Azerbaijan	extant	native			yes
Bahrain	extant	vagrant			yes
Belarus	extant	native	yes
Belgium	extant	native			yes
Bosnia and Herzegovina	extant	native
Bulgaria	extant	native			yes
Canada	extant	vagrant
Croatia	extant	native			yes
Cyprus	extant	native			yes
Czechia	extant	native	yes
Denmark	extant	native			yes	yes
Egypt	extant	native
Estonia	extant	native	yes
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	extant	native	yes
Finland	extant	native	yes			yes
France	extant	native			yes	yes
Germany	extant	native	yes			yes
Gibraltar (to UK)	extant	native			yes
Greece	extant	native			yes	yes
Greenland (to Denmark)	extant	native		yes
Hungary	extant	native			yes
Iceland	extant	native	yes
Iran, Islamic Republic of	extant	native			yes
Iraq	extant	native			yes
Ireland	extant	native			yes
Israel	extant	native
Italy	extant	native			yes	yes
Japan	extant	vagrant
Jordan	extant	vagrant
Kazakhstan	extant	native		yes
Kuwait	extant	native			yes
Kyrgyzstan	extant	native				yes
Latvia	extant	native	yes
Lebanon	extant	native			yes	yes
Libya	extant	vagrant
Liechtenstein	extant	native
Lithuania	extant	native	yes
Luxembourg	extant	native			yes
Malta	extant	native
Montenegro	extant	native
Morocco	extant	native
Netherlands	extant	native			yes
North Macedonia	extant	native			yes
Norway	extant	native		yes
Poland	extant	native	yes
Portugal	extant	native			yes
Romania	extant	native			yes
Russia	extant	native		yes
Russia (Asian)	extant	native		yes
Russia (Central Asian)	extant	native		yes
Russia (European)	extant	native		yes
Saudi Arabia	extant	native			yes
Serbia	extant	native
Slovakia	extant	native	yes
Slovenia	extant	native			yes
Spain	extant	native			yes
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	extant	native		yes
Sweden	extant	native	yes
Switzerland	extant	native			yes
Syria	extant	native			yes
Tunisia	extant	native
Turkey	extant	native			yes
Ukraine	extant	native	yes			yes
United Arab Emirates	extant	vagrant			yes
United Kingdom	extant	native	yes
USA	extant	vagrant
Uzbekistan	extant	native

Country/Territory	IBA Name

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Pastureland	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	suitable	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Urban Areas	suitable	non-breeding
Forest	Boreal	major	breeding
Forest	Temperate	major	breeding
Forest	Temperate	suitable	non-breeding
Grassland	Tundra	suitable	breeding
Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)		suitable	breeding
Shrubland	Boreal	suitable	breeding
Shrubland	Temperate	suitable	non-breeding
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Nomadic grazing	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Climate change & severe weather	Temperature extremes	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Causing/Could cause fluctuations		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			non-trivial	recent
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-		international	non-trivial	recent
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	-	-			non-trivial	recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Turdus iliacus. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/redwing-turdus-iliacus on 06/06/2023. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org on 06/06/2023.